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22802. The right to be forgotten in the Czech Republic
- Creator:
- Jan Hurdík
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- ochrana osobních údajů, personal data protection, GDPR, privacy protection, Google vs. Gonzáles, Czech Civil Code, 16, and 34
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The author of this article focused his attention on the new wave in the frame of privacy protection in the EU law: from co called "right to be forgotten" (case Google vs. Gonzáles) to General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Author explained expecially the impact of the recent European development of the personal data protection on the Czech law including the newly prepared Czech Personal Data Protection Act, the changes of doctrinal thinking and the challenges to the juridical practice in the Czech Republic., Jan Hurdík., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
22803. The rise of the 'Grand Entrepreneurs' in the Czech Republic and their contest for capitalism
- Creator:
- Benáček, Vladimír
- Format:
- Type:
- model:internalpart and TEXT
- Subject:
- entrepreneurship, transition, ownership, forms of capital, and social adjustment
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- It is argued in the article that the peaceful transition to capitalism in communist countries was not possible without the co-action of the nomenklatura, whose interest was to transform their informal access to state-owned capital into an authentic 'grand entrepreneurship'. The necessary acquisition of physical cap ital was achieved by means of mass privatisation schemes in which the nomenklatura took advantage of their social capital and information asymmetries. In the Czech case, there were three social groups competing for a position among the new entrepreneurial elite. The initially large gains of the nomenklatura gradually eroded when new businesses opened to domestic and international competition, where competitiveness depended on endowments of human (entrepreneurial) and economic capital. In the subsequent wave of ownership restructuring, initiated after 1994, the former nomenklatura was partially squeezed out of the tradable sector, which was occupied by better skilled foreign and domestic entrepreneurs. The exiting entrepreneurs converted their holdings into consumer goods, or defected to sectors less open to competition, where the alignment of social capital and bureaucracy persisted. Their position depends now on the pending reforms of public administration and the search for a more efficient social model.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
22804. The role of ACTH in the pathogenesis of polycistic ovarian syndrome in rats: hormonal profiles and ovarian morphology
- Creator:
- Baravalle, C., Salvetti, N. R., Mira, G. A., Lorente, J. A., and Ortega, Hugo H.
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, fyziologie, vaječníky, syndrom polycystických ovarií, stres (fyziologie), krysa obecná, physiology, ovaries, polycystic ovary syndrome, stress (physiology), Rattus rattus, ACTH, ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone), 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Numerous hypotheses have been proposed about the pathogenesis of the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). However, hormonal control of persistent follicles has not be enestablished. The objective of the present study was to compare the follicular structure and hormonal profiles of rats treated with the adrenocor ticotrophic hormone (ACTH) with two experimental models of PCOS. ACTH-treated animals were compared with those exposed to continuous light, those treated with estradiol valerate, and with control (in proestrous and diestrous). Serum hormone levels, histomorphometrical changes, and immunoexpression of vimentin, cytokeratins, cadherins, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were examined. Treatment with ACTH resulted in an elevation of corticosterone secretion with LH reduction but without changes in ovarian morphology. Although stress (or ACTH) stimulation may be only one of pathophysiological mechanisms involved in follicular cystathogenesis in other species, we do not have important evidence to suppose that this would happen in rats., C. Bavaralle, N. R. Salvetti, G. A. Mira, J. A. Lorente, H. H. Ortega., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
22805. The role of adrenergic agonists on glycogenolysis in rat hepatocyte cultures and possible involvement of NO
- Creator:
- Hodis, J., Nikolína Kutinová-Canová, Petr Potměšil, Ludmila Kameníková, Eva Kmoníčková, Zdeněk Zídek, and Hassan Farghali
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Experimentální medicína, farmakologie, oxid dusnatý, adrenalin, pharmacology, nitric oxide, adrenaline, glykogen, glykogenolýza, epinefrin, glycogen, glycogenolysis, epinephrine, iNOS, cAMP, 14, and 616-092
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Certain liver metabolic diseases point to the presence of disturbances in glycogen deposition. Epinephrine raises the cAMP level that activates protein kinase A leading to the activation of phosphorylase and glycogen breakdown. In the present report, we sought to investigate whether NO is produced during adrenoceptor agonist-induced glycogenolysis in rat hepatocytes in cultures. Isolated glycogen rich rat hepatocytes in cultures were used. NO production (NO2-) was assessed under the effect of adrenergic agonists and adrenergic agonist/antagonist pairs, dibutyryl cyclic AMP sodium-potassium salt (db-cAMP), NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), aminoguanidine (AG) and the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl penicillamine (SNAP) . The inducible NO synthase (iNOS) mRNA was examined by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Glycogenolysis was quantified by glucose levels released into medium. The amount of glucose and NO2- released by hepatocytes was increased as a result of epinephrine, phenylephrine or db-cAMP treatments. The increase in glucose and NO2- released by epinephrine or phenylephrine was blocked or reduced by prazosin pretreatment and by NOS inhibitors aminoguanidine and L-NAME. iNOS gene expression was up-regulated by epinephrine. It can be concluded that glycogenolysis occurs through α adrenoceptor stimulation and a signaling cascade may involve NO production., J. Hodis, N. Kutinová-Canová, P. Potměšil, L. Kameníková, E. Kmoníčková, Z. Zídek, H. Farghali., and Obsahuje biblografii a bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
22806. The role of bicarbonate in the activity of photosystem 2
- Creator:
- van Rensen, J. J. S.
- Format:
- Type:
- model:internalpart and TEXT
- Language:
- Multiple languages
- Description:
- Photosystem 2 (PS 2) reaction centre can be considered as a water-plastoqninone oxido-reductase. Using four photons it transfers four electrons from two molecules of water to plastoquinone (PQ), producing the molecular oxygen and two molecules of double reduced PQ. PS 2 is the site of the antagonistic action of bicarbonate and formáte on PS 2 electron flow; incubation of isolated chloroplasts with formáte results in full inhibition of electron flow actívity, which can be restored by addition of bicarbonate. This bicarbonate effect is located at the Dl protein and affects the electron flow between the primary quinone and the PQ pool. Bicarbonate is probably involved in stabilizatíon of tíie semireduced secondary quinone Qb, and in the protonation reactions at this site. Under physiological conditions bicarbonate is boimd to thylakoid membranes. Addition of formáte to thylakoids appears to release CO2. The bicarbonate effect is not only observed in isolated chloroplasts, but also in intact organisms as green algae and leaves. Bicarbonate Controls PS 2 electron flow in order to cope with stress conditions leading to, for instance, photoinhibition or to the high rates of photorespiration.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
22807. The Role of Carbon Dioxide in Free Radical Reactions of the Organism
- Creator:
- Alice Skoumalová and Jiří Wilhelm
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, fyziologie člověka, human physiology, CO2, peroxynitrite, Free radicals, Oxidative damage, Hypercapnia, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Carbon dioxide interacts both with reactive nitrogen species and reactive oxygen species. In the presence of superoxide, NO reacts to form peroxynitrite that reacts with CO2 to give nitrosoperoxycarbonate. This compound rearranges to nitrocarbonate which is prone to further reactions. In an aqueous environment, the most probable reaction is hydrolysis producing carbonate and nitrate. Thus the net effect of CO2 is scavenging of peroxynitrite and prevention of nitration and oxidative damage. However, in a nonpolar environment of membranes, nitrocarbonate undergoes other reactions leading to nitration of proteins and oxidative damage. When NO reacts with oxygen in the absence of superoxide, a nitrating species N2O3 is formed. CO2 interacts with N2O3 to produce a nitrosyl compound that, under physiological pH, is hydrolyzed to nitrous and carbonic acid. In this way, CO2 also prevents nitration reactions. CO2 protects superoxide dismutase against oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide. However, in this reaction carbonate radicals are formed which can propagate the oxidative damage. It was found that hypercapnia in vivo protects against the damaging effects of ischemia or hypoxia. Several mechanisms have been suggested to explain the protective role of CO2 in vivo. The most significant appears to be stabilization of the iron-transferrin complex which prevents the involvement of iron ions in the initiation of free radical reactions., A. Veselá, J. Wilhelm., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
22808. The role of collective bargaining in Czech labour law
- Creator:
- Pichtr, Jan and Martin Štefko
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- pracovní právo, labor laws and legislation, principle of favour, trade unions, 16, and 34
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Czech collective employment law remains to be quite far from the Western European tradition. Once rich and flourishing, the CZech collective employment law world had been profoundly changed during the Nazi and mainly Communist Era, where the role assigned to collective agreements was diminished to a soft plan implementing directives of the State. After our return to democracy, it is obvious that we had to adopt not only new democratic regulations but also to re-build informal structures Because of suppressed role of trade unions, poor level of social dialogue and a number of statutory regulations, Czech collective agreements are sursed to play only a secondary role even in the near future., Jan Pichrt, Martin Štefko., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
22809. The role of endogenous lung neuropeptides in regulation of the pulmonary circulation
- Creator:
- Keith, I. M.
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, plicní hypertenze, hypoxie, pulmonary hypertension, hypoxia, monocrotaline, vasoconstriction, vasodilatation, neuropeptide interactions, receptors, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- a1_Vascular resistance in the mammalian pulmonary circulation is affected by many endogenous agents that influence vascular smooth muscle, right ventricular myocardium, endothelial function, collagen and elastin deposition, and fluid balance. When the balance of these agents is disturbed, e.g. by airway hypoxia from high altitude or pulmonary obstructive disorders, pulmonary hypertension ensues, as characterized by elevated pulmonary artery pressure (PPA). Among neuropeptides with local pulmonary artery pressor effects are endothelin-1 (ET-1), angiotensin II (AII), and substance P, and among mitigating peptides are calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), adrenomedullin (ADM), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and ET-3. Moreover, somatostatin28 (SOM28) exacerbates, whereas SOM14 decreases PPA in hypoxic rats, with lowering and increasing of lung CGRP levels, respectively. Pressure can also be modulated by increasing or decreasing plasma volume (VIP and ANP, respectively), or by induction or suppression of vascular tissue remodeling (ET-1 and CGRP, respectively). Peptide bioavailability and potency can be regulated through hypoxic up- and down- regulation of synthesis or release, activation by converting enzymes (ACE for AII and ECE for ET-1), inactivation by neutral endopeptidase and proteases, or by interaction with nitric oxide (NO). Moreover, altered receptor density and affinity can account for changed peptide efficacy. For example, upregulation of ETA receptors and ET-1 synthesis occurs in the hypoxic lung concomitantly with reduced CGRP release. Also, receptor activity modifying protein 2 (RAMP2) has been shown to confer ADM affinity to the pulmonary calcitonin-receptor-like receptor (CRLR). We recently detected the mRNA encoding for RAMP2, CRLR, and the CGRP receptor RDC-1 in rat lung., a2_The search for an effective, lung selective treatment of pulmonary hypertension will likely benefit from exploring the imbalance and restoring the balance between these native modulators of intrapulmonary pressure. For example, blocking of the ET-1 receptor ETA and vasodilation by supplemental CGRP delivered i. v. or via airway gene transfer, have proven to be useful experimentally., I. M. Keith., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
22810. The role of endogenous reactive oxygen species in cardiac myocyte autophagy
- Creator:
- Wang, J.-P, Chi, R.-F, Li, B, Qin, F.-Z, Han, X.-B, Deng, Y.-Z, and Liu, J
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- fyziologie člověka, human physiology, Reactive oxygen species, Endogenous, Autophagy, Cardiomyocytes, Rats, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Autophagy is implicated in the maintenance of cardiac homeostasis. Autophagy is activated in heart failure, in which reactive oxygen species (ROS) are increased. Exogenous ROS have been shown to induce cardiomyocyte autophagy alterations. However, little is known about the influences of physiological levels of endogenous ROS on cardiomyocyte autophagy. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that endogenous ROS in cardiomyocytes play an important role in inducing autophagy. Cultured H9C2 cardiomyocytes or Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) or the superoxide dismutase mimic tempol under the basal or nutrient deprivation conditions. The autophagic flux was assessed by the lysosomal inhibitor chloroquine. In H9C2 cardiomyocytes, under a basal condition, NAC or tempol increased the ratio of LC3 II/I proteins and reduced LC3 II autophagic flux. Under nutrient deprivation, NAC increased the LC3 II/I ratio and reduced LC3 II autophagic flux. In vivo studies in rats, NAC treatment increased the LC3 II/I ratio and p-Akt protein expression in myocardium. We concluded that the antioxidants reduced autophagic flux in cardiomyocytes under the basal or nutrient deprivation conditions, suggesting that endogenous ROS promote autophagy flux under physiological conditions, and this effect is mediated, at least in part, through Akt inhibition., J.-P. Wang, R.-F. Chi, J. Liu, Y.-Z. Deng, X.-B. Han, F.-Z. Qin, B. Li., and Seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public