The (extraterritorial) application of US antitrust laws can have, for the concerned European companies, serious consequences. This applies to the prosecution of antitrust violations as criminal offenses, resulting to the imposition of prison sentences against competitors responsible for antitrust infringing (including foreigners), on the other hand the specificities of bringing civil claims for damages before US courts, including procedural aspects. This article provides a summary of the extraterritorial application of US antitrust law, with emphasis to the jurisdiction of US courts. A question whether the European Commission has jurisdiction over conduct that occurs outside the EU and the differing approaches of the US and the EU of how to regulate foreign anticompetitive activity will be examined., Rastislav Funta., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
The paper, a substantially shortened version of the national report prepared for the congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law in 2018, analyses processes of formal and informal constitutional amendment in the Czech Republic. After outlining the basic relevant characteristics of the Czech constitutional amendment in the Czech Republic. After outlining the basic relevant characteristics of the Czech constitution (poly-legality, rigidity, etc.), the paper examines procedural issues of formal constitutional amendment and studies further requirements regarding such constitutional changes, esp. the role of Art. 9 of the Consttitution Several varieties of informal constitutional changes are then briefly presented. The paper assesses the current situation regarding processes of both formal and informal constitutional changes, finding the formal requirements prescribed for a constitutional amendment as sufficient for the relative stability of the constitutional system, being neither extremely strict not benevolent. The paper also points out several open questions regarding the practical application of the unamendability provision of Art. 9(2) of the Constitution in relation to potential constitutional amendments adopted through a constitutional referendum. Finally, the paper deals with the issue of how formal constitutional amendments can impact upon informal constitutional changes, using the example of the introduction of the direct election of the President of the Republic in 2012., Miluše Kindlová., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
In this article we present some of the problems connected with the formation of the First Czechoslovak Republic from the legal point of view. Our aim is to point out that the First Czechoslovak Republic could not arise for the Slovaks on the 28th of October, 1918. Our argumentation is firstly based on the historical discussion (descriptive level) which was held in the past, but at the same time we try to formulate conclusions applicable on other similar cases within nowadays discussion (prescriptive level). In the beginning of the article we analyse the thesis according to which the First Czechoslovak Republic was created on the 28th of October, 1918, while trying to come to terms with the arguments that support this legal fiction. Consequently we analyze the thesis that the First Czechoslovak Republic could not be legally created for the Slovaks on the 28th of October, 1918, because at that time the Czechoslovak Republic did not execute its effective power on the Slovak territory. To support this thesis we use also the stable practice of the Supreme Administration Court. At the end of the article, we try to summarize all the previous arguments and draw the attention to the lack of explanatory power of the legal fiction claiming that the Czechoslovak Republic was created on the 28th of October, 1918., Štefan Siskovič, Miriam Laclavíková., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Many European states, including the Czech Republic, face a high default rate on child support payments. In combination with a high divorce rate and, in some states, ineffective law enforcement, this has become a dire problem and one that has gender repercussions. In an effort to solve this situation, almost half of the EU member states have adopted a system of state advances on child maintenance. The Czech Republic is not one of them. The article discusses why all three attempts to pass such a law have failed in the Czech Republic. Is there an alternative measure fulfilling this role? Have the proposed bills been deficient in some way? Or is something else obstructing the adoption of a bill? The authors argue that, while the proposed bills could be criticised for minor technical or conceptual imperfections, the parliamentary debates on these bills indicate a more deeply rooted opposition. Manifestations of three main positions are identified: economic liberalism, social conservatism, and gender stereotypes., Barbara Havelková, Kateřina Cidlinská., 1 tabulka, Obsahuje bibliografii, and Anglické resumé
Old-age pension savings is a system functionally linked to the general pension insurance scheme, which focuses on the capitalization of savings accumulated by the saver in their personal pension account. From the administrative-procedural point of view, the pre-contractual part of the pay-out phase of this system is built on the Central Information Bidding System (CIBS), which is thus an important and systemic element of old-age pension savings. The present contribution analyses the tasks and objectives of this information system in the pay-out phase of pensions and, at the same time, asks the question whether it fulfils the functions of current modern information systems and if it thus assists in securing the constitutional right of a natural person to adequate material security in old age or, on the contrary, if it is only an information system that duplicates the rules and approaches introduced by the legislation providing for the method of the savings in the Slovak pension model (by the individualisation of saving with a low economic guarantee) and especially in the process of concluding a contract on the pension insurance that does not support the implementation of the constitutional law in a serious way., Miloš Lacko., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Tento článek se zabývá institutem informovaného souhlasu, zásadního právního i etického institutu v oblasti medicíny. Zkoumána je jeho etymologie, jeho ontologický status, jeho normativní síla a konečně i jeho charakteru jako komunikačního aktu. Text má prokázat tezi, že informovaný souhlas je komunikačním aktem - nikoliv pouhým mentálním stavem - který má za určitých podmínek normativní sílu. Tato normativní síla se plně projeví pouze v případě splnění základních podmínek: dostatečného poučení, dostatečného porozumění, svobodné a vážné vůle a kompetence pacienta., This article deals with the institute of informed consent, a fundamental legal and ethical institute in the field of medicine. Its etymology, ontological status, its normative power and, finally, its character as a communication act are studied. The text shows that informed consent is a communicative act - not just an inner mental state and that it has significant normative power. This normative power is manifesting itself only when certain conditions are met: sufficient disclosure, sufficient understanding, voluntariness and competence of the patient., and Adam Doležal.
Článek se zaměřuje na analýzu přístupu vybraných zahraničních právních řádů (Německo, Spojené státy americké), českého právního řádu a projektu DCFR k problematice rozsahu poučení pacienta o rizicích spojených s navrhovanou léčbou. Článek se rovněž snaží zodpovědět otázku, zda je vůbec možné a vhodné rozsah rizik, o nichž je třeba pacienta informovat, konkrétně vymezit, a pokud ano, jakým způsobem., The article is focused on the analysis of the approach of particular foreign legal orders (Germany, USA) as well as the Czech legal order and the DCFR project to the issue of the extent of disclosure of risk information. The article also seeks to answer the question whether or not it is possible and appropriate to define the extent of disclosure of risk information specifically and if so, how., and Ivo Smrž.