This note investigates the optimal control problem for a time-invariant linear systems with an arbitrary constant time-delay in in the input channel. A state feedback is provided for the infinite horizon case with a quadratic cost function. The solution is memoryless, except at an initial time interval of measure equal to the time-delay. If the initial input is set equal to zero, then the optimal feedback control law is memoryless from the beginning. Stability results are established for the closed loop system, in the scalar case.
Microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation (MENS) is
known as an extracellular stimulus for the regeneration of injured
skeletal muscle in sports medicine. However, the effects of
MENS-associated increase in muscle protein content are not fully
clarified. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects
of MENS on the muscular protein content, intracellular signals,
and the expression level of caveolin-3 (Cav-3), tripartite motifcontaining 72 (TRIM72) and MM isoenzyme of creatine kinase
(CK-MM) in skeletal muscle using cell culture system. C2C12
myotubes on the 7th day of differentiation phase were treated
with MENS (intensity: 10-20 μA, frequency: 0.3 Hz, pulse width:
250 ms, stimulation time: 15-120 min). MENS-associated
increase in the protein content of myotubes was observed,
compared to the untreated control level. MENS upregulated the
expression of Cav-3, TRIM72, and CK-MM in myotubes.
A transient increase in phosphorylation level of Akt was also
observed. However, MENS had no effect on the phosphorylation
level of p42/44 extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 and
5’AMP-activated protein kinase. MENS may increase muscle
protein content accompanied with a transient activation of Akt
and the upregulation of Cav-3 and TRIM72.
The value of emissivity is the basic correction factor in a measurements models all measures for noncontact temperature measurements. This factor is explicitly applied by measurements and implicitly by primary calibration when is the part of the calibration constant. increasing demand on precision of temperature measurements stimulates also necessity precise and accurate measurements of the emissivity value. and V meracích modeloch meradiel pre bezkontaktné meranie teploty je hodnota emisivity meraného povrchu základným korekčným faktorom. Tento korekčný faktor sa v meracom modely aplikuje ako explicitne pri prevode meraného signálu úmerného energii vyžarovanej meraným predmetom na termodynamickú teplotu tohto povrchu, tak aj implicitne pri prvotnej kalibrácii, kedy je súčasťou kalibračnej konštanty. Rastúce nároky na správnosť merania vyvolávajú potrebu na správnosť merania tejto veličiny, zvlášť na úrovni kalibračných prostriedkov ako sú modely čiernych telies a kalibračné terče.