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542. Infallibility about the self
- Creator:
- Hoffmann, Glen
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- cogito, dubito, infallibility, privileged access, rationalism, and self-knowledge
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- On a common formulation, rationalist infallibilism is committed to two main theses: (i) ''analytic a priori infallibilism'' and (ii) ''synthetic a priori infallibilism''. According to thesis (i), a relatively wide range of analytic a priori propositions can be infallibly justified. According to thesis (ii), a relatively wide range of synthetic a priori propositions can be infallibly justified. In this paper, I focus on rationalist infallibilism’s second main thesis, what is being called ''synthetic a priori infallibilism''. I argue that synthetic a priori infallibilism, and by extension rationalist infallibilism, is untenable. In particular, exploring what seems to be the only potentially plausible species of synthetic a priori infallibility, I reject the infallible justification of propositions about the self., Na společné formulaci se racionalistický infallibilismus věnuje dvěma hlavním tezím: (i) ,,analytický a priori infallibilismus'' a (ii) ,,syntetický a priori infallibilismus''. Podle teze (i) lze poměrně široký rozsah analytických a priori návrhů neomylně odůvodnit. Podle teze (ii) lze poměrně široce rozšířit řadu syntetických a priori návrhů. V této práci se zaměřuji na druhou hlavní tezi racionalistického infallibilismu, která se nazývá ,,syntetický a priori infallibilismus''. Argumentuji, že syntetický a priori infallibilismus a rozšířený racionalistický infallibilismus je neudržitelný. Zejména zkoumáním toho, co se zdá být jediným potenciálně pravděpodobným druhem syntetické a priori neomylnosti, odmítám neomylné ospravedlnění výroků o sobě., and Glen Hoffmann
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
543. Inference to the best explanation and disjunctive explanations
- Creator:
- Lee, Jaeho
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- David Armstrong, Helen Beebee, disjunctive explanation, and inference to the best explanation
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- In this paper I will examine Helen Beebee’s argument that anti-Humeans are not in a better position to justify induction. I will first argue that her argument proves too much and that it can jeopardize the status of inference to the best explanation as a useful inductive principle. I will then propose a principle that should govern our use of disjunctive explanations in the context of inference to the best explanation and show that Beebee’s use of disjunctive explanations violates this principle., V tomto článku se budu zabývat argumentem Heleny Beebeeové, že anti-Humeans nejsou v lepší pozici pro ospravedlnění indukce. Nejdříve uvedu, že její argument se ukazuje příliš mnoho a že může ohrozit stav odvození z nejlepšího vysvětlení jako užitečného indukčního principu. Pak navrhnu princip, který by měl řídit naše použití disjunktivních vysvětlení v kontextu závěrů k nejlepšímu vysvětlení a ukázat, že Beebeeovo použití disjunktivních vysvětlení porušuje tento princip., and Jaeho Lee
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
544. Inferential erotetic logic in modelling of cooperative problem solving involving questions in the QuestGen game
- Creator:
- Łupkowski, Paweł and Ignaszak, Olivia
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- erotetic implication, erotetic search scenario, games with a purpose (GWAP), inferential erotetic logic, questions, and scientific discovery games
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- In the paper problem solving processes that involve reasoning with question are analysed. These reasonings with questions are compared to normative solution scenarios based on A. Wiśniewski’s Inferential Erotetic Logic. An on-line game with a purpose QuestGen has been used to gather data for the analysis., V papírovém problému jsou analyzovány procesy, které zahrnují úvahy s otázkou. Tyto úvahy s otázkami se porovnávají s scénáři normativního řešení založenými na inferenční erotetické logice A. Wiśniewského. Online hra s cílem QuestGen byla použita k shromažďování dat pro analýzu., and Paweł Łupkowski, Ignaszak Olivia
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
545. Inferentialism without normativity
- Creator:
- Posłajko, Krzysztof and Grabarczyk, Paweł
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Ajdukiewicz, Brandom, inferentialism, and normativity of meaning
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- In this paper we argue that inferentialist approach to meaning does not, by itself, show that meaning is normative in a prescriptive sense, and that the constitutive rules argument is especially troubling for this position. To show that, we present the proto-inferentialist theory developed by Ajdukiewicz and claim that despite the differences between his theory and contemporary inferentialism rules of language in both theories function more like classificatory devices than prescriptions. Inferentialists can respond by claiming that in their theory meaning is essentially social and hence normative, but we claim that then semantic normativity becomes derivative of social normativity. and V tomto příspěvku tvrdíme, že inferenční přístup k významu sám o sobě neumožňuje ukázat, že smysl je normativní v normativním smyslu a že argument pro konstitutivní pravidla je obzvláště znepokojující pro tuto pozici. Abychom ukázali, že předkládáme protoinferenciální teorii vyvinutou Ajdukiewiczem a tvrdíme, že navzdory rozdílům mezi jeho teorií a současným inferencionalismem pravidla jazyka v obou teoriích fungují spíše jako klasifikační přístroje než předpisy. Inferenciálové mohou reagovat tvrzením, že v jejich teorii je význam v podstatě společenský a tudíž normativní, ale tvrdíme, že tehdy se sémantická normativita stává derivátem sociální normativity.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
546. Infiltration and water retention of biological soil crusts on reclaimed soils of former open-cast lignite mining sites in Brandenburg, north-east Germany
- Creator:
- Gypser, Stella, Veste, Maik, Fischer, Thomas, and Lange, Philipp
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- repellency indbex, pF-curves, water holding capacity, and iological soil crusts
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- Investigations were done on two former open-cast lignite mining sites under reclamation, an artificial sand dune in Welzow Süd, and a forest plantation in Schlabendorf Süd (Brandenburg, Germany). The aim was to associate the topsoil hydrological characteristics of green algae dominated as well as moss and soil lichen dominated biological soil crusts during crustal succession with their water retention and the repellency index on sandy soils under temperate climate and different reliefs. The investigation of the repellency index showed on the one hand an increase due to the cross-linking of sand particles by green algae which resulted in clogging of pores. On the other hand, the occurrence of moss plants led to a decrease of the repellency index due to absorption caused by bryophytes. The determination of the water retention curves showed an increase of the water holding capacity, especially in conjunction with the growth of green algae layer. The pore-related van Genuchten parameter indicate a clay-like behaviour of the developed soil crusts. Because of the inhomogeneous distribution of lichens and mosses as well as the varying thickness of green algae layers, the water retention differed between the study sites and between samples of similar developmental stages. However, similar tendencies of water retention and water repellency related to the soil crust formation were observed. Biological soil crusts should be considered after disturbances in the context of reclamation measures, because the initial development of green algae biocrusts lead to an increasing repellency index, while the occurrence of mosses and a gain in organic matter enhance the water holding capacity. Thus, the succession of biocrusts and their small-scale succession promote the development of soil and ecosystem.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
547. Infiltration into a swelling, cracked clay soil
- Creator:
- Novák, Viliam, Šimunek, Jiří, and Van Genuchten, Martinus Th.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Swelling Soils, Soil Cracks, Water Infiltration, Mathematical Modeling, napuciavajúce pôdy, pôdne pukliny, infiltrácia vody, and matematické modelovanie
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- Transient infiltration into a swelling, cracked fine-textured soil was calculated using the originally designed FRACTURE submodel (version B) of the HYDRUS-ET simulation model. The model permits changes in the dimensions of the cracks during the infiltration process. Modeling results obtained with the new model were compared with those from FRACTURE submodel (version A) assuming a stable crack system. It is shown that deforming cracks lead to higher rates of infiltration during precipitation events as compared with stable cracks. A difference of about 20 percent was estimated in our illustrative example. and Práca obsahuje výsledky matematického modelovania infiltrácie vody do pôdy s puklinami, meniacimi svoje rozmery pocas procesu, (verzia B) v závislosti na vlhkosti pôdy, ktoré sú porovnané s výsledkami, získanými pomocou modelu s konštantnými rozmermi puklín (verzia A) pocas infiltrácie zrážok. Submodel FRACTURE - verzia B, ktorá kvantifikuje infiltráciu vody do pôdy s deformujúcimi sa puklinami je súcastou modelu HYDRUS–ET. Porovnanie výsledkov modelovania pomocou oboch submodelov ukázalo, že pocas zrážkovej udalosti v tomto ilustratívnom príklade rýchlost infiltrácie do pôdy s deformujúcimi sa puklinami je asi o 20 % väcšia ako do pôdy so stabilnými puklinami. Treba poznamenat, že meranie charakteristík infiltrácie vody do pôdy s puklinami a súcasné meranie deformácií siete puklín nie je v prírode prakticky možné, preto matematické modely môžu byt použité aj ako nástroje vedeckého výskumu v numerických experimentoch.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
548. Influence of hydrological situations on benthic organisms in a small river in Saxony (Germany)
- Creator:
- Kändler, Matthias and Seidler, Christina
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- macrozoobenthos, drift, discharge, and flow velocity
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- This research was focused on the relationship between river discharge and organism drift. It was carried out for three years in a small heavily modified river in Saxony (Germany). The amount and species composition of drifting invertebrates were observed, depending on discharge and flow velocity. A station was installed where the flow velocity was continually measured and drifting organisms were caught with nets. An inventory of the aquatic community (benthic invertebrates) was taken to determine the species living in the river at the research station. The highest drift density measured was 578 organisms per m3 at a flow velocity of 0.90 m s-1 , the mainly drifting organisms were Chironomidae. Different organisms groups started drifting at different flow velocities. Heavy impacts, such as dredging the river and flood waves, affected the aquatic ecosystems and severely changed the aquatic community regarding the number and the diversity. Some of the aquatic invertebrates such as the Anthothecata completely disappeared after dredging. It was found that many different terrestrial organisms were part of the drift. The typical family of soil biota Collembola represented the largest share.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
549. Influence of model structure on base flow estimation using BILAN, FRIER and HBV-light models
- Creator:
- Machlica, Andrej, Horvát, Oliver, Horáček, Stanislav, Oosterwijk, Jacob, Van Loon, Anne F., Fendeková, Miriam, and Van Lanen, Henny A. J.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- model structure differences, BILAN, FRIER and HBV-light models, total runoff, base flow simulation, Nitra catchment at Nedožery profile, rozdiely v štruktúre modelu, modely BILAN, FRIER a HBV-light, celkový odtok, simulácia podzemného odtoku, and povodie Nitry v profile Nedožery
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- Hydrological models are widely used tools to solve a broad range of hydrological issues. Each model has its own structure defining inter-relationships of hydrological balance components, and comparative differences in the models’ inner structure must be taken into account when discrepancies result from the same data. Results of base flow simulation by three different models BILAN, FRIER and HBV-light were compared based on knowledge of the models’ internal structure. It was proven that the courses of modelled parameters are quite similar, but that the respective values differ. The highest base flow values were simulated by the BILAN model, due to the threshold value of the soil moisture storage incorporated within this model’s structure. The lowest values were obtained by HBV-light model. Simulated base flow values were compared with groundwater heads and minimum monthly discharges. This comparison showed that the base flow values in the Nitra catchment at Nedožery profile simulated by BILAN and FRIER models are closer to the reality than those, simulated by HBV-light model. and Hydrologické modely sú nástrojmi, často využívanými pri riešení širokého spektra hydrologických problémov. Každý z modelov má svoju vlastnú štruktúru, definujúcu vzájomné vzťahy prvkov hydrologickej bilancie. Preto musí byť pri posudzovaní rozdielnych výsledkov získaných použitím tých istých vstupných dát brané do úvahy porovnanie rozdielov vo vnútornej štruktúre modelov. V príspevku boli porovnávané výsledky simulácie podzemného odtoku tromi rozličnými modelmi BILAN, FRIER a HBV-light, berúc do úvahy znalosti o vnútornej štruktúre jednotlivých modelov. Bolo dokumentované, že priebehy modelovaných parametrov sú veľmi podobné, no získané hodnoty sa líšia. Najvyššie hodnoty podzemného odtoku boli simulované modelom BILAN, v dôsledku faktu, že v modeli je zabudovaná pevná limitná hodnota pre veľkosť zásoby vody v pôde. Najnižšie hodnoty podzemného odtoku boli získané modelom HBV-light. Simulované hodnoty podzemného odtoku boli porovnané s priebehom úrovne hladiny podzemnej vody a s minimálnymi mesačnými prietokmi. Toto porovnanie ukázalo, že hodnoty podzemného odtoku v povodí Nitry po profil Nedožery simulované modelmi BILAN a FRIER sú bližšie k reálnemu stavu než hodnoty simulované modelom HBV-light.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
550. Influence of mountain spruce forest dieback on snow accumulation and melt
- Creator:
- Bartík, Martin, Holko, Ladislav, Jančo, Martin, Škvarenina, Jaroslav, Danko, Michal, and Kostka, Zdeněk
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- snow characteristics, forest dieback, Norway spruce, mountains, and degree-day model
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- Large-scale forest dieback was reported in recent decades in many parts of the world. In Slovakia, the most endangered species is Norway spruce (Picea Abies). Spruce dieback affects also indigenous mountain forests. We analysed changes in snow cover characteristics in the disturbed spruce forest representing the tree line zone (1420 m a.s.l.) in the Western Tatra Mountains, Slovakia, in five winter seasons 2013–2017. Snow depth, density and water equivalent (SWE) were measured biweekly (10–12 times per winter) at four sites representing the living forest (Living), disturbed forest with dead trees (Dead), forest opening (Open) and large open area outside the forest (Meadow). The data confirmed statistically significant differences in snow depth between the living and disturbed forest. These differences increased since the third winter after forest dieback. The differences in snow density between the disturbed and living forest were in most cases not significant. Variability of snow density expressed by coefficient of variation was approximately half that of the snow depth. Forest dieback resulted in a significant increase (about 25%) of the water amount stored in the snow while the snowmelt characteristics (snowmelt beginning and time of snow disappearance) did not change much. Average SWE calculated for all measurements conducted during five winters increased in the sequence Living < Dead < Meadow < Open. SWE variability expressed by the coefficient of variation increased in the opposite order.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public