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Start Over Format svazek Subject 8

791. Ulrike Jenni - Maria Theisen, Mitteleuropäische Schulen IV (ca. 1380-1400). Hofwerkstätten König Wenzels IV. und deren Umkreis

Creator:
Tomáš Gaudek
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
IV., český král a římský král, Václav, 1361-1419, vzácné tisky, iluminované rukopisy, malířské školy, rare prints, illuminated books and manuscripts, painting schools, 8, and 930
Language:
Czech
Description:
Tomáš Gaudek.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

792. Umělecké vzdělávání a idea umělce na přelomu 18. a 19. století v díle Ondřeje Schweigla, Ignáce Chambreze a Josefa Heřmana Agapita Gallaše

Creator:
Suchánek, Pavel
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Gallaš, Josef Heřman Agapit, 1756-1840, Chambrez, Ignác, 1758-1842, Schweigl, Andreas, umělecké vzdělávání, akademie věd a umění, art education, academies of science, Vídeň (Rakousko), Morava (Česko), Vienna (Austria), Moravia (Czechia), statut umělce, invence / génius, artist's status, inventiveness / genius, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
The article considers the writings of the sculptor Andreas Schweigl (1735-1812) and the painters Ignaz Chambrez (1758-1842) and Josef Heřman Agapit Gallaš (1756-1840). Around the year 1800, these three Moravian artists recorded their thoughts and insights in a number of texts that variously combined the traditional literary genre of artist’s biography with artistic topography, art criticism and a historical interpretation of early Moravian art and culture. Since all three were in some way connected with the new system of art education, the aim of this study is to examine whether and in what way standardized education affected not only their professional careers, but also their thinking. For all three, that thinking was rooted in a historical interpretation of the early art and culture of Moravia. All three discuss the function of art, artistic ideals, and to some extent the concept of the creative genius, as well as reflecting, directly or indirectly, on the theme of decadence as one stage in the cyclical view of history, in line with the paradigm of the age. The author sets out to compare their texts and in general terms show 1) how artists themselves viewed the importance of art education at the end of the 18 century; 2) how they responded to the changing role of the artist in society; and 3) how they defined artistic ideals and the artist’s social purpose. It is the wider implications of these changes in the artist’s social status, and in the function of art in Moravia and Central Europe generally, that form the primary focus of this study., Pavel Suchánek., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

794. Urban security versus social privileges: the impossible "Enlightened" reform of policing in eighteenth-century Brussels

Creator:
Denys, Catherine and Bennett, Laura
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
osvícenství, enlightenment, Brusel (Belgie), Brussels (Belgium), police reforms, privileges, social equality, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech
Description:
During the medieval and early modern eras, most of the European urban authorities intended to rule their cities for the «common good», together with respecting the social hierarchy and privileged status. In the 18th century, however, many voices raised for improving the urban policing and reforming old regulations. Most of police officers claimed for equality of every inhabitant with regards to local police ordinances and petty police courts. But even if the urban rules agreed with their arguments for a more efficient policing, they could not prescribe an equality that would overthrow the Ancien Régime’s social order. Brussels in the 18th century is a good example of this contradiction. It was there impossible to reform the policing for the foreigners nor to create a professional night-watch, because of the strong reluctance of the city aldermen to abandon social privileges which were seen as fundamental freedoms of the country., Catherine Denys ; translated by Laura Bennett., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

796. Ursula Giessmann, Der letzte Gegenpapst: Felix V. Studien zu Herrschaftspraxis und Legitimationsstrategien (1434-1451)

Creator:
Georg Modestin
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Katolická církev., Basilejský koncil, (1431-1449), 15. století, církevní dějiny, stát a církev, papežové, church history, church and state, popes, 8, and 930
Language:
Czech
Description:
Georg Modestin.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

797. Úspěchy a neúspěchy v nejednoznačných konstelacích: pět biografií Václava Havla

Creator:
Miloš Havelka
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
dějiny, history, 8, and 93/94
Language:
Czech
Description:
a1_Tento recenzní článek se zabývá nejdůležitějšími monografiemi z poslední doby věnovanými životu a dílu Václava Havla (1936-2011) jako klíčové osobnosti československých a českých dějin v minulém půlstoletí: jde o knihy Edy Kriseové Václav Havel: Jediný autorizovaný životopis (Praha, Práh 2014), Martina C. Putny Václav Havel: Duchovní portrét v rámu české kultury 20. století (Praha, Knihovna Václava Havla 2011), Daniela Kaisera Disident: Václav Havel 1936-1989 (Praha - Litomyšl, Paseka 2009) a Prezident: Václav Havel (Praha - Litomyšl, Paseka 2014), Jiřího Suka Politika jako absurdní drama: Václav Havel v letech 1975-1989 (Praha - Litomyšl, Paseka 2013) a Michaela Žantovského Havel (Praha, Argo 2014). Havelka usiluje poukázat nejen na přednosti i nedostatky zmíněných publikací, ale také na diskontinuity v kontinuitách jeho myšlení, na úspěchy i neúspěchy jeho politiky a rovněž na vícedimenzionalitu jeho osobnosti, kterou se autorům podařilo zprostředkovat v různé míře. Nejprve sumarizujícím způsobem zasazuje zmíněné publikace do kontextu kritik Havlova myšlení a politiky od šedesátých, a zejména od devadesátých let, které jsou vedeny z různých, často protichůdných ideových a politických pozic. Poté přechází ke zmíněným publikacím. Knihu spisovatelky, disidentky a pozdější Havlovy spolupracovnice na Pražském hradě Edy Kriseové, která je v podstatě reedicí práce vydané již v roce 1991, označuje autor jako „disidentskou romanci“. Autorka líčí Havla jako kladného hrdinu doby minulé a vzor pro přítomnost, a jestliže počátkem devadesátých let podle Havelky její životopis vcelku splnil svůj účel rychle přiblížit Havlovu osobnost a myšlenky s ohledem na potřeby doby, dnes působí už příliš osobně a povrchně., a2_Literární historik Martin C. Putna, který byl jistou dobu také ředitelem pražské Knihovny Václava Havla, důsledně a někdy nápaditě zkoumá duchovní kořeny, inspirace a souvislosti Havlova myšlení a postojů, což mu umožňuje zajímavě propojovat rodinné tradice a národní kulturu stejně jako čistě individuální obzory a snahy s vlivem na velkou část společnosti. Své výklady buduje velkoryse a podává čtivě, jeho obraz však podle autora zůstává až příliš jednostranně založený a neukazuje Havlovu osobnost v jejím celku, z nějž by teprve bylo možné přesvědčivě vysvětlit řadu aspektů jeho rozhodování a jednání. Dva díly biografie novináře Daniela Kaisera jsou dohromady ve srovnání s ostatními texty nejrozsáhlejší, co do zpracování ale podle autora nejméně jednoznačné. Kaiser se prvoplánově soustředí na politiku, což působí poněkud jednorozměrně, a jeho úsilí o objektivní úplnost a nadhled, snaha nepominout nic důležitého a zajímavého se sráží s jeho vlastním nevysloveným politickým přesvědčením. Události přitom spíše jen zachycuje a mechanicky seřazuje, rušivě působí také opakování některých žurnalistických klišé, na druhé straně přínosně využívá i dosud nezpracované a neznámé materiály. Kniha historika Jiřího Suka není v pravém slova smyslu biografií, ale pronikavou historicko-politickou studií, která nezjednodušuje, nýbrž předvádí výstižný a přesvědčivý obraz politika ve víru dějin. K přednostem jeho výkladů patří, že je významově strukturuje, často s pomocí vlastních metahistorických konceptů. Svá zjištění vřazuje do nových kontextů a účelně zohledňuje dříve nezpracovaný materiál o disentu pocházející z dílny Státní bezpečnosti., a3_Bývalý politik a diplomat, překladatel a nyní ředitel Knihovny Václava Havla Michael Žantovský ve své biografii, která vyšla zároveň anglicky (Havel: a Life. London, Atlantic Books 2014), zachycuje podle autora Havlovu osobnost mnohem vrstevnatěji a vyváženěji než předešlí autoři. S využitím původní profese psychologa i důvěrné znalosti Havla se Žantovskému podařilo, oč jeho předchůdci, zaujatí spíše politikou, příliš neusilovali: ve vzájemném vztahování konkrétních společenských a politických situací na jedné straně a základních Havlových životních a uměleckých přesvědčení i intelektuálních dispozic na straně druhé nabídnout biografické vysvětlení programu Havlovy politiky., b1_This review article is concerned with the most important recent books about the life and works of Václav Havel (1936-2011) as a key figure of Czechoslovak and Czech history in the last fifty or so years. The books under review are Eda Kriseová, Václav Havel: Jediný autorizovaný životopis (Prague: Práh, 2014; published in English as Vaclav Havel: The Authorized Biography, trans. Caleb Crain), Martin C. Putna, Václav Havel: Duchovní portrét v rámu české kultury 20. století (V. H.: A spiritual portrait in the context of twentieth-century Czech culture. Prague: Knihovna Václava Havla, 2011), Daniel Kaiser, Disident: Václav Havel 1936-1989 (Prague and Litomyšl: Paseka, 2009) and Prezident: Václav Havel (Prague and Litomyšl: Paseka, 2014), Jiří Suk, Politika jako absurdní drama: Václav Havel v letech 1975-1989 (Politics as theatre of the absurd: V. H. from 1975 to 1989. Prague and Litomyšl: Paseka, 2013), and Michael Žantovský, Havel (Prague: Argo, 2014). Havelka seeks to identify not only the strength and weaknesses of these biographies, but also the discontinuities and continuities of Havel’s thinking, the successes and failures of his politics, and the many dimensions of his personality, which the authors have to various degrees succeeded in conveying. First of all, he summarizes the publications and puts them into the context of criticism of Havel’s thinking and politics since the 1960s, and especially from the 1990s onward, which has been articulated from different, often contradictory, intellectual and political positions. He then moves on to the books under review. Eda Kriseová, a writer, dissident, and later a colleague of Havel’s at Prague Castle, calls her biography (essentially a re-edition of the 1991 publication) a ‘dissident romance’. She portrays Havel as a positive hero of times past and as a model for the present., b2_ Whereas in the early 1990s, according to Havelka, her biography largely fulfilled its purpose, which was quickly to familiarize the reader with Havel and his ideas, considering the needs of the times, it now seems too personal and superficial. In his biography of Havel, the literary historian Martin C. Putna, who for some time was also the director of the Václav Havel Library in Prague, thoroughly and sometimes inventively explores the spiritual roots, inspirations, and connections of Havel’s thinking and attitudes. This enables Putna to make some interesting links between family tradition and national culture, and between purely individual horizons and efforts and influence on a large part of society. He builds grand interpretations in his interpretations, and presents them in a readable way, but his portrait, according to the reviewer, remains too one-sided and fails to show Havel’s personality in something at least approaching its entirety, from which it be would then be possible to convincingly explain a number of aspects of his decision-making and conduct. The two volumes of the biography by the journalist Daniel Kaiser are, in comparison with the other works, the largest, in terms of what they cover, but, according to the reviewer, they are the least straightforward. Kaiser primarily concentrates on politics, which seems rather one dimensional, and his efforts to achieve objective completeness and be above the fray, together with his endeavour not to omit anything important or interesting, collide with his own implicit political convictions. In the process, he tends simply to describe events and arrange them, disrupting the narrative with the repetition of some worn-out journalistic platitudes. Nevertheless, he makes good use of some hitherto neglected or unknown material. The book by the historian Jiří Suk is not a biography in the true sense of the word., b3_ Rather, it is a penetrating work of history and political science, which does not over simplify, but instead presents a telling and compelling picture of a politician in the maelstrom of history. Among the strong points of Suk’s interpretations is the fact that he structures meanings, often with the help of his own meta-historical concepts. He puts his findings into new contexts, and usefully takes into account previously neglected material about the dissidents, which he has found in the files of the State Security Services (Státní bezpečnosti - StB). In his biography, published in Czech, English (Havel: A Life. London: Atlantic Books, 2014), and other languages, the former translator, politician, diplomat, and now director of the Václav Havel Library, Michael Žantovský depicts, according to the reviewer, Havel’s personality in much more contoured and balanced way than the previously discussed authors have done. Drawing on his previous experience as a psychologist, together with an intimate personal knowledge of Havel, Žantovský has achieved what his predecessors, who were by and large more interested in politics, did not even really attempt to do - namely, to relate concrete social and political situations to Havel’s fundamental convictions about life and art and his intellectual disposition, in order to offer a biographical explanation of Havel’s political programme., and Miloš Havelka.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

798. Usus aquarum - Wasser und Wasserbauten im Leben der frühmittelalterlichen Gesellschaften Mittelerupas (Bericht)

Creator:
Lumír Poláček
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
archeologie, voda, říční archeologie, water, archaeology, Evropa střední, Europe, Central, Mikulčice (Česko), Mikulčice (Czechia), usus aquarum, water structures, Early Middle Ages, 8, and 902
Language:
Czech
Description:
The Institute of Archaeology of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic in Brno organized in the days of 24.- 25.9.2012 in the town of Hodonín a colloquium "Usus aquarum - Water and Water Structures in the LIfe of the Early Middle Ages Societies of the Central Europe" within the conference series "Internationale Tagungen in Mikulčice". Since the deditors obtained for the planned proceedings of papers in the 10. volume of publication series "Internationale Tagungen in Mikulčice" only 5 papers, these papers were relocated into the journal Synopsis of researches and published here in the block following this introduciton. This is a brief report on the colloquium - its course, aim, programme, etc., Lumír Poláček., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

799. Usus aquarum in der frühmittelalterlichen Toponymie. Einblicke

Creator:
Christian Zschieschang
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
archeologie, stará lužická srbština, rybolov, mlýny, místní jména, archaeology, old Sorbian language, fishing, mills, place names, Bohemia, names of servant villages, Early Middle Ages, High Middle Ages, Lower Lusatia, Selpuli/Selpoli, toponymy, use of water, 8, and 902
Language:
Czech
Description:
The enormous importance of water for human settlement is reflected in the huge quantity of Slavic lexemes in mediaeval settlement names, referring to different kinds of bodies of water, marshland, distinct features of water and so on. Yet place names can also indicate the use of water, as will be shown for Bohemia in thes essay. In analysing these names, the essential precepts of onomastics must be observed. Firstly, rather than giving a run-of-the-mill account, names reflect a distinguishing feature particular to a certain settlement. For example, the name Mlynec indicates that a mill was the only one in its vicinity (and therefore outstanding enough to feature in the name of this settlement(. Secondly, many places names which may appear to refer to the use of water might also have other origins, such as metaphorical relations. In order to determine the impact and the use of water in early mediaeval settlement areas, it must be concluded that there are more reliable ways than counting corresponding topnyms. Analysing the complete toponomasticon of a settlement region offers a more precise picture, as is demonstrated for the region eas of the lower River Neisse/Nysa Lužycka at the end of this essay., Christian Zschieschang., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

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