Metastatický melanom je agresivní onemocnění. Dosud využívané léčebné možnosti jako aplikace dakarbazinu, temozolomidu, high dose interleukinu-2 byly relativně omezené. Vemurafenib je malá molekula, která má schopnost inhibovat mutovanou BRAF proteinkinázu. Na základě provedených klinických studií BRIM-2 a BRIM-3, kdy vemurafenib dokázal prodloužit celkové přežití (OS) a dobu do progrese onemocnění (PFS), byl zaregistrována v EU k léčbě v monoterapii u dospělých pacientů s neresekovatelným nebo metastazujícím melanomem s pozitivní mutací V600 genu BRAF., Metastatic melanoma is an aggressive disease. Historical treatment options have been limited (e.g. dacarbazine, temozolomide, high dose interleukin-2) and associated with poor outcomes. Vemurafenib is a first-in-class, small molecule BRAFV600 inhibitor. Vemurafenib is approved in the EU as monotherapy in adult patients with BRAFV600 mutation-positive unresectable or metastatic melanoma. In the trial BRIM-2 a BRIM-3 vemurafenib significantly improved both overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) in patients with unresectable melanoma., Ivo Kocák, Ilona Kocáková, Stanislav Špelda, and Literatura
Lokálně pokročilý inoperabilní či metastatický renální karcinom (metastatic renal cell carcinoma, mRCC) patří i přes pokroky v onkologické léčbě stále mezi nevyléčitelná onemocnění. V současné době máme v České republice sedm účinných preparátů používaných v rámci paliativní léčby. V rámci první linie paliativní léčby je možné použít sunitinib, pazopanib, temsirolimus a bevacizumab s interferonem α, v rámci druhé linie pak everolimus, axitinib či sorafenib (v určitých případech i sunitinib). Everolimus je taktéž možno podat i v třetí linii paliativní cílené léčby. Výběr konkrétního léku do první linie je podmíněn jak výsledky velkých prospektivních randomizovaných studií, tak i klinickým stavem pacienta a terapeutickým záměrem. Ve druhé a vyšší linii paliativní léčby nejsou doporučené léčebné postupy jednoznačné, i když máme randomizované prospektivní a retrospektivní studie, jejichž výsledky nám do jisté míry pomáhají v indikaci cíleného preparátu na „míru pacienta“. Sekvenční léčba mRCC však i v dnešní době patří mezi velmi kontroverzní témata v klinické onkologii., Advanced or metastatic inoperable renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) remains an incurable disease despite significant advances in systemic treatment. Currently, there are seven targeted agents available in the Czech Republic. Sunitinib, pazopanib, temsirolimus, or bevacizumab/ interferon-α can be used as first-line therapy, everolimus, axitinib, sorafenib, or (in selected patients) sunitinib can be used in the second line. Everolimus can also be used for third-line treatment. The choice of a first-line targeted agent is influenced by results of prospective randomised clinical trials as well as clinical status of the patient and therapeutic intent. Recommendations for second- and third-line therapy contain many areas of uncertainty although there are some randomised and non-randomised studies that have provided guidance into optimal treatment selection. Nevertheless, sequential therapy of mRCC remains hotly debated in the oncology community., Alexandr Poprach, Tomáš Büchler, Radek Lakomý, Jiří Tomášek, and Literatura
Tento článek si klade za cíl shrnout přehled nových cílených léčiv používaných v léčbě pokročilého karcinomu žaludku a gastroezofageální junkce. Jejich účinnost je zatím předmětem mnoha klinických studií po celém světě. Poslední výzkumy ukazují, že tento typ malignity představuje heterogenní skupinu nádorů, které se liší expresí buněčných signálních molekul. Nová cílená léčiva nemají výraznější toxicitu než standardní cytostatika a jejich efektivita byla prokázána u řady jiných typů nádorů., This article is aimed to summarize new targeted therapy used for treatment of advanced cancer of stomach and gastroesophageal junction. Their efficacy is being tested in numerous clinical trials worldwide. Recent findings have suggested that this type of malignancy is considered as a group of heterogenous tumors that differ in the expression of cell-signalling molecules. Toxicities of new targeted therapy do not overlap those of cytotoxic agents and their effectivity was approved in other types of tumors., Andrea Jurečková, Michaela Všianská, and Literatura 18
Cílená léčba představuje vedoucí odvětví onkologického výzkumu. Poznávání molekulárních jevů, které stojí za nádorovými procesy, umožňuje používat léčiva, proti těmto procesům cíleně zamířená. Jde buď o monoklonální protilátky, tj. látky proteinové struktury, nebo o small drugs, menší chemické molekuly. V obou případech je jejich cílem protein exprimovaný nádorovou buňkou. I klasická cytostatika si zachovávají své místo v terapii onkologických onemocnění. Jednak proto, že s jejich podáváním je velké množství zkušeností, jednak proto, že u některých diagnóz nejsou zatím jejich nástupci z nových skupin k dispozici. Vlastnosti obou skupin se pak spojují v konjugovaných molekulách, kdy se toxicky působící konvenční molekula díky vazbě na monoklonální protilátku nebo small drug dopraví v těle přímo do nádorové buňky., Targeted therapy represents leading branch of oncological research. Understanding of molecular phenomena that stand behind cancer processes enables us to use drugs that are targeted against these processes. Either monoclonal antibodies, e.g. protein molecules, or small drugs, i.e. smaller chemical entities are involved. In both cases, the target is protein molecule exprimed by tumour cell. Conventional cytostatics play still major role in the therapy of oncological diseases. This is based on much experience with their use as well as the fact that for some diagnoses there have not been any targeted drugs available yet. The properties of both groups are united in conjugated molecules, where toxic conventional cytostatic thanks to the bond with a monoclonal antibody or small drug can be transported directly to the tumour cell within the body., Roman Goněc, Šárka Kozáková, and Literatura
Úkolem diagnostické terminologie v jakékoli morfologické metodě je poskytnutí jednoznačně interpretovatelné informace klinickému specialistovi tak, aby mohl zvolit adekvátní terapeutický postup. Cytologická klasifikace dysplastických změn na děložním hrdle se od původní Papanicolauovy pětistupňové postupně zjednodušila na dvoustupňovou. V histopatologické rovině hodnocení se rychle prosadila fúze kategorií CIN III a CIS, další vývoj je však v porovnání s cytopatologickým hodnocením pomalejší. Navrhovaná dvoustupňová klasifikace histopatologických lézí děložního hrdla nese v sobě potenciál zpřesněné komunikace klinika a patologa ve vyhodnocování cervikálních lézí a jejich následném ošetřování. V porovnání k předchozím je plně převoditelná. Zachovává si ovšem i předchozí omezení ve vyhodnocení základního histopatologického nálezu, zejména závislost na primárně reprezentativním vzorku. Hlubší porozumění procesům karcinogeneze děložního hrdla však rozšiřuje spektrum zpřesňujících prognostických markerů a možnosti individualizovaných léčebných postupů., The function of diagnostic terminology in any morphology method is to provide information to the clinical specialist that is interpreted unequivocally and which enables him to choose the appropriate treatment. The former Papanicolaou five-tiered cytological classification of dysplastic changes on the uterine cervix has been simplified to a two-tiered approach. In the histopathological evaluation, fusion of the categories CIN III and CIS was rather smooth. Further progress toward simplification of the histopathology terminology is proceeding more slowly. The proposed two-tiered classification of the histopathological lesions of the cervix has the potential to create a more precise communication between the clinician and the pathologist in the evaluation and subsequently in the treatment of the cervical lesions. In comparison to the previous classifications, it is fully convertible. It preserves the previous limits in the evaluation of the histopathological finding, mainly the dependence on the primary representativeness of the specimen. Deeper understanding of the cervical cancerogenesis will be achieved with the increasing spectrum of prognostication markers. Thus the tailored treatment of cervical lesion will be enabled., and Jaroslava Dušková
Summer and autumnal activity patterns of juvenile and adult Dryomys nitedula were investigated in the wild using infrared motion sensor cameras. The study revealed that the forest dormouse is mainly crepuscular and nocturnal during the summer and autumn. Foraging activity started on average 8 min before sunset in June and shifted towards 26 min after sunset in September. The activity usually ended 40 min before sunrise independently of the season. The investigative activity around the nestboxes had three main periods: one between 20:00 and 22:00, one around midnight between 00:00 and 01:00, and a third one before sunrise between 4:00 and 6:00. Diurnal activity was also recorded but it occurred mainly in autumn and was restricted to the nestbox entrance; animals never switched nestboxes during the day if not disturbed. During the night activity, dormice used to investigate almost all nestboxes within their territory. However they showed preferences for only a few nestboxes which were used more frequently as daytime resting sites.
Circadian and circaannual oscillations of tissue lipid peroxides (LPO) were studied in young male Wistar rats. The concentration of malondialdehyde, one of LPO degradation products, was measured at 3-h intervals during 24 hours in rats, adapted to lightrdark 12:12 h regimen in the course of the year. LPO in the liver, thymus and bone marrow oscillated rhythmically in the course of the day and year. Circadian oscillations in all tissues were two-peaked, with zeniths at various times of the light and dark parts of the day. In the liver and thymus, the highest mesors were found during the winter, in the bone marrow during the spring. The same holds for amplitude values, with the exception of the bone marrow which exhibited the highest values during the summer. The reason for the LPO oscillations is probably resulting from the changing ratio of pro- and anti-oxidative capacities in various tissues during the day and the year.
Physiologically, leptin concentration is controlled by circadian rhythm. However, in critically ill patients, circadian rhythm is disrupted. Thus we hypothesized that circadian leptin concentration changes are not preserved in critically ill patients. Ten consecutive critically ill heart failure patients with the clinical indication for mechanical ventilation and sedation were included into our study. Plasma leptin concentration was measured every 4 h during the first day (0-24 h) and during the third day (48-72 h) after admission. During the first day, there were significant leptin concentration changes (ANOVA, p<0.05), characterized by an increase in concentration by 44 % (16-58 %); p=0.02 around noon (10 am-2 pm) and then a decrease in concentration by 7 % (1-27 %); p=0.04 in the morning (2 am-6 am). In contrast, there was no significant change in leptin concentration during the third day after admission (ANOVA, p=0.79). Based on our preliminary results, we concluded that in critically ill heart failure patients, the circadian rhythm of plasma leptin concentration seems to be preserved during the first but not during the third day after admission., I. Cundrle Jr., P. Suk, V. Sramek, Z. Lacinova, M. Haluzik., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The circadian system controls the timing of behavioral and physiological functions in most organisms studied. The review addresses the question of when and how the molecular clockwork underlying circadian oscillations within the central circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus (SCN) and the peripheral circadian clocks develops during ontogenesis. The current model of the molecular clockwork is summarized. The central SCN clock is viewed as a complex structure composed of a web of mutually synchronized individual oscillators. The importance of development of both the intracellular molecular clockwork as well as intercellular coupling for development of the formal properties of the circadian SCN clock is also highlighted. Recently, data has accumulated to demonstrate that synchronized molecular oscillations in the central and peripheral clocks develop gradually during ontogenesis and development extends into postnatal period. Synchronized molecular oscillations develop earlier in the SCN than in the peripheral clocks. A hypothesis is suggested that the immature clocks might be first driven by external entraining cues, and therefore, serve as “slave” oscillators. During ontogenesis, the clocks may gradually develop a complete set of molecular interlocked oscillations, i.e., the molecular clockwork, and become self-sustained clocks., A. Sumová, Z. Bendová, M. Sládek, R. El-Hennamy, K. Matějů, L. Polidarová, S. Sosniyenko, H. Illnerová., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
We studied the circadian oscillation of lipid peroxides (TBARS) in the pineal gland of rats adapted to light:dark 12:12 h regimen. The concentration of TBARS was determined at 3-h intervals during 24 hours. TBARS of pineal gland oscillated rhytmically during the 24 h period. The maximal concentration of lipoperoxidative products was found at 20.00 h and 02.00 h and the lowest values at 08.00 h and 23.00 h. The determination of antioxidant capacity is needed for explaining the mechanism of TBARS oscillations in the pineal gland.