a1_Fifty years ago, Lewis K. Dahl has presented a new model of salt hypertension – salt-sensitive and salt-resistant Dahl rats. Twenty years later, John P. Rapp has published the first and so far the only comprehensive review on this rat model covering numerous aspects of pathophysiology and genetics of salt hypertension. When we summarized 25 years of our own research on Dahl/Rapp rats, we have realized the need to outline principal abnormalities of this model, to show their interactions at different levels of the organism and to highlight the ontogenetic aspects of salt hypertension development. Our attention was focused on some cellular aspects (cell membrane function, ion transport, cell calcium handling), intra- and extrarenal factors affecting renal function and/or renal injury, local and systemic effects of reninangiotensin-aldosterone system, endothelial and smooth muscle changes responsible for abnormal vascular contraction or relaxation, altered balance between various vasoconstrictor and vasodilator systems in blood pressure maintenance as well as on the central nervous and peripheral mechanisms involved in the regulation of circulatory homeostasis. We also searched for the age-dependent impact of environmental and pharmacological interventions, which modify the development of high blood pressure and/or organ damage, if they influence the saltsensitive organism in particular critical periods of development (developmental windows). Thus, severe self-sustaining salt hypertension in young Dahl rats is characterized by pronounced dysbalance between augmented sympathetic hyperactivity and relative nitric oxide deficiency, attenuated baroreflex as well as by a major increase of residual blood pressure indicating profound remodeling of resistance vessels. Salt hypertension development in young but not in adult Dahl rats can be attenuated by preventive increase of potassium or calcium intake., a2_On the contrary, moderate salt hypertension in adult Dahl rats is attenuated by superoxide scavenging or endothelin-A receptor blockade which do not affect salt hypertension development in young animals., J. Zicha, ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Nest boxes for breeding tawny owls (Strix aluco) were located in a mixed oak-hornbeam-beech (Quercus-Carpinus-Fagus) forest in the Duna-Ipoly National Park, 30 km northwest of Budapest, Hungary during the period 1992-2010. The 550 m altitude range (120-680 m) of the study area was divided into low and high elevations: 400 m, each containing 88 nest-boxes. We marked 77 males in their first breeding year and evaluated the lifetime territory occupation and reproductive performance for individuals which reached five, six, seven, eight or nine years old. The fledgling production of tawny owl males increased in their first, second and third years, reached a high level in years four and five, but declined once they were six years old. The relative low reproductive performance in the early and late years of the males’ lives may be attributed to the fact that the majority of males were unable to occupy high quality territories, and the rate at which individuals skipped breeding was high. We suggest that both the reduced ability to acquire high quality territories and declining fledging production in late years of males reflect senescence patterns in tawny owls.
The aim of the study was to investigate age-related changes in postural responses to platform translation with 3 various velocities. We focused on the influence of linear velocity using the smoothed profile of platform acceleration (till 100 cm.s−2 ). Eleven healthy young (20-31 years) and eleven healthy elderly (65-76 years) subjects were examined. The subjects stood on the force platform with their eyes closed. Each trial (lasting for 8 sec) with different velocity (10, 15, 20 cm.s−1 ) of 20 cm backward platform translation was repeated 4 times. We have recorded displacements of the centre of pressure (CoP) and the EMG activity of gastrocnemius muscle (GS) and tibialis anterior muscle (TA). The results showed increased maximal values of CoP responses to the platform translation. There was also observed a scaling delay of CoP responses to platform translation with different velocities in elderly. The EMG activity of GS muscle during backward platform translation was of about similar shape in both groups during the slowest platform velocity, but it increased depending on rising velocity. EMG activity of TA was not related to the platform velocity. Early parts of postural responses showed significant co-activation of TA and GS muscles of elderly. It is likely that elderly increased body stiffening in order to help their further balance control., Z. Halická ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Certain aspects of balance control change with age, resulting in a slight postural instability. We examined healthy subjects between 20-82 years of age during the quiet stance under static conditions: at stance on a firm surface and/or on a compliant surface with eyes either open or closed. Body sway was evaluated from centre of foot pressure (CoP) positions during a 50 sec interval. The seven CoP parameters were evaluated to assess quiet stance and were analyzed in three age groups: juniors, middle-aged and seniors. The regression analysis showed evident increase of body sway over 60 years of age. We found that CoP parameters were significantly different when comparing juniors and seniors in all static conditions. The most sensitive view on postural steadiness during quiet stance was provided by CoP amplitude and velocity in AP direction and root mean square (RMS) of statokinesigram. New physiological ranges of RMS parameter in each condition for each age group of healthy subjects were determined. Our results showed that CoP data from force platform in quiet stance may indicate small balance impairment due to age. The determined physiological ranges of RMS will be useful for better distinguishing between small postural instability due to aging in contrast to pathological processes in the human postural control., D. Abrahamová, F. Hlavačka., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Vascular aging is associated with both structural and functional changes that can take place at the level of the endothelium, vascular smooth muscle cells and the extracellular matrix of blood vessels. With regard to the endothelium, reduced vasodilatation in response to agonists occurs in large conduit arteries as well as in resistance arteries with aging. Reviews concerning the different hypotheses that may account for this endothelial dysfunction have pointed out alterations in the equilibrium between endothelium-derived relaxing and constricting factors. Thus, a decreased vasorelaxation due to nitric oxide and, in some arteries, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor as well as an increased vasoconstriction mediated by cyclooxygenase products such as thromboxane A2 are likely to occur in age-induced impairment of endothelial vasodilatation. Furthermore, enhanced oxidative stress plays a critical role in the deleterious effect of aging on the endothelium by means of nitric oxide breakdown due to reactive oxygen species. The relative contribution of the above phenomenon in age-related endothelial dysfunction is highly dependent on the species and type of vascular bed., R. L. Matz, C. Schott, J. C. Stoclet, R. Andriantsitohaina., and Obsahuje bibliografii
There are concerns about altered vascular functions that could play an important role in the pathogenesis and influence the severity of chronic disease, however, increased cardiovascular risk in paediatric cystic fibrosis (CF) has not been yet fully understood. Aim was to analyze vascular disease risk and investigate changes over times in CF and controls. We prospectively enrolled 22 CF subjects (a median age of 16.07 years), and 22 healthy demographically matched controls (a median age of 17.28 years) and determined endothelial function. We utilized a combined diagnostic approach by measuring the plethysmographic Reactive Hyperemia Index (RHI) as the post-to preocclusive endothelium-dependent changes of vascular tone, and biomarkers that are known to be related to endothelial dysfunction (ED): asymmetric dimethyl arginine (ADMA), high-sensitive CRP (hsCRP), VCAM-1 and E-selectin. RHI values were significantly lower in CF young adults (p<0.005). HsCRP (p<0.005), E-selectin (p<0.001) and VCAM-1 (p<0.001) were significantly increased in CF patients since childhood. The findings have provided a detailed account of the ongoing process of microvascular dysfunction with gradual progression with the age of CF patients, making them further at risk of advanced vascular disease. Elevations of biomarkers in CF children with not yet demonstrated RHI changes but with significantly reduced RHI in adulthood and lipid profile changes indicate the possible occurrence of ED with CF-related specific risk factors over time and will enable us to provide the best possible support.
In cases of human malaria, children suffer very high rates of morbidity and mortality. To analyze the mechanisms involved in age-dependent protection against malaria, we investigated the characterization of immune responses to Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL (P.y 17XNL) in young (3 weeks) and middle-aged (8 months) C57BL/6 mice. In this study, we found that 100% of young mice succumbed to P.y 17XNL infection with higher parasitemia, while middle-aged mice were able to clear blood parasites and no mortality was observed. These observations suggested that the young C57BL/6 mice were susceptible to P.y 17XNL infection, whereas the middle-aged mice were resistant. Cellular analysis revealed that both the numbers of splenic myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) as well as the expression of DC maturation markers were higher in middle-aged mice than those in young mice. The numbers of IgG1- or IgG2a-secreting B cells increased markedly in middle-aged mice after infection with P.y 17XNL. The dynamic change of the number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in mice infected with P.y 17XNL was also different between the two groups. In addition, the levels of IFN-γ and NO increased in both groups during early parasite infection, while there was also an obvious increase in IL-4 production in the infected middle-aged mice. The change in IL-10 levels following infection was consistent with that of the change in the number of Tregs. The survival of middle-aged mice following P.y 17XNL infection was dependent upon the establishment of effective Th1 and Th2 responses and a successful switch between Th1 and Th2 responses, as well as appropriate functioning of Tregs.
Hypertension-induced myocardial metabolic, structural and electrophysiological remodeling deteriorates with aging and contributes to both heart failure and occurrence of malignant arrhythmias. It has been shown in clinical trials that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) reduce the incidence of cardiovascular diseases and sudden cardiac death. We investigated the cardioprotective effects of n-3 PUFA in aged spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and possible cellular mechanisms involved. Male and female 14-month-old SHR were fed with n-3 PUFA (Vesteralens, Norway, 20 mg/day for two months) and compared with untreated SHR. Results showed that n-3 PUFA supplementation led to 1) significant decline of blood pressure; 2) suppression of inducible ventricular fibrillation (VF) by 57 % (male) and 67 % (female) , although the arrhythmogenic substrates, like fibrosis, hypertrophy and abnormal gap junctions distribution were not eliminated; 3) preservation of the cardiomyocytes and the inte grity of their junctions; 4) enhancement of energetic metabolism enzyme activity; 5) augmentation of capillary density associated with increased alkaline phosphatase and decreased dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) activity and 6/ increase in gap junction channel connexin-43 expression. Thus, aged male as well as female SHR benefit from n-3 PUFA supplementation that results in decrease in VF susceptibility, partly due to an improvement of myocardial metabolic state, cardiomyocyte and cell-to-cell junctions integrity and Cx43 up-regulation., M. Mitašíková, S. Šmidová, A. Mascaliová, V. Knezl, K. Dlugošová, Ľ. Okruhlicová, P. Weismann, N. Tribulová., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Background: We have analyzed the aged population disability processes to establish specifics and regularities of the causal structure of disability among the working and nonworking aged population. Methods: In total, 1208 examination reports of the Medical & Social Expert Commission have been subjected to excerption in Almaty. Results: Persons having the second disability status prevail in the working aged contingent 4,4%, which is much higher than the ratios for the first and second disability statuses (0,4% and 0,6%, respectively). Among the nonworking population, persons having the second disability status largely prevail too 8,1% (3,1% and 1,1%, respectively). The casual structure of disability among the nonworking disabled persons includes as follows: blood circulatory system diseases (40%), malignant neoplasms (27,2%), and diseases of the eye and its appendages (10,2%). They are followed by endocrine diseases, nutritional and metabolic disturbances (7,6%), bodily injuries (3%), and urogenital system diseases with musculoskeletal system ones 2,3% each. The data collection for the working aged population contingent has found out blood circulatory system diseases (47%) and malignant neoplasms (34,4%). Alongside with that, the distinctive feature among the said aged population cohort is a substantial predominance of bodily injuries (7,4%), endocrine diseases, nutritional and metabolic disturbances (2,3%), and only 1,4% is accounted for diseases of the eye and its appendages., Akmaral K. Abikulova, Kazbek A. Tulebaev, Aikan A. Akanov, Botagoz S. Turdalieva, Sundetgali B. Kalmahanov, Mussaeva A. Bakhit, Aldamzharova K. Madina, and Literatura
Irreversible moisture expansion of specimens made from porous ceramics of historical fired tiles is analysed here. Irreversible moisture expansion values, which reflect the rate of body ageing, were determined by heating at a temperature of 650 °C for 20 minutes and by repeated dilatometric measurement until a te mperature of 700 °C. To evaluate body ageing due to moisture expansion, it is necessary to specify the non-crystalline phase content. The causative factors influencing body ageing can be determined on bodies that have comparable non-crystalline phase content and are of similar chemical and mineralogical composition. Sufficient data set may facilitate a roughestimate of the age of historical ceramics., Vladimír Hanykýř, Alexandra Koužková, Petr Bouška and Miroslav Vokáč., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy