Supercooling point (SCP), survival at low temperatures, rate of water loss in dry air at 20°C and survival under desiccating conditions of eggs of Polydesmus angustus (Diplopoda) were determined. The results were compared with those obtained previously for the eight post-embryonic stadia, to obtain an overview of the changes in resistance to cold and desiccation throughout the species' development. The SCP temperatures of egg batches ranged from -14.8 to -30.6°C and were significantly lower than those of the active stadia. Eggs were not affected by prolonged exposure to low temperature above 0°C and survived much better than active stadia when cooled to -6 and -10°C. This indicates that the cold hardiness of P. angustus is highest in the egg stage and decreases during development. On the other hand, the rate of water loss was significantly higher from eggs than from active stadia. When eggs were taken out of their protective nest, they lost water at the high rate of 7% min-1 in dry air. They also survived for a shorter time than active stadia at 76% RH and 20°C. The resistance to desiccation of P. angustus is lowest at the egg stage and increases during development. The results suggest that the life cycle of P. angustus may have responded to selection pressures other than cold and drought, and do not support the hypothesis that cold hardiness and resistance to desiccation are overlapping adaptations in terrestrial arthropods.
The effects of nitric oxide on evoked acetylcholine (ACh) release were studied at two identified cholinergic neuro-neuronal synapses of the nervous system of the mollusc Aplysia californica. The NO- donor, 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), decreased the amplitude of evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (buccal ganglion) and potentiated that of evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (abdominal ganglion). SIN-1 acted by modulating the number of ACh quanta released. 8Br-cGMP mimicked the effects of NO on ACh release in both types of synapses thus pointing to the involvement of a NO- sensitive guanylate cyclase. Presynaptic voltage-dependent Ca2+ and K+ (Ia and late outward rectifier) currents were not modified by SIN-1 suggesting another final target for NO/cGMP. The labelling of a NO-synthase by immunostaining in several neurones as well as the modulation of ACh release by L-arginine indicate that an endogenous NO-synthase is involved in the modulation of synaptic efficacy in both buccal and abdominal ganglia.
Damage induced in DNA by numerous chemical and physical factors as well as spontaneously formed imperfections in DNA structure pose a threat to all organisms. To counteract this threat, living cells have evolved a series of DNA repair pathways to correct DNA lesions affecting base pairings or the structure of DNA. Today we understand, in a large part, the molecular mechanisms of these pathways in detail due to the pioneering studies by Tomas LIndahl, Paul Modrich and Aziz Sancar, which opened up this field of research. Tomas Lindahl discovered the molecular machinery of base excision repair - the main cell defence against endogeneous DNA damage. Aziz Sancar characterised, at the molecular level, details of the mechanisms of nucleotide excision repair - the major repair system of DNA damage caused by environmental factors such as UV-irradiation and various genotoxic chemicals including chemotherapeutic agents. Paul Modrich uncovered a mismatch repair - the way how cells resolve errors which occur during DNA replication. Therefore, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded jointly Lindahl, Modrich, and Sancar the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015 for their "Mechanistic studies of DNA repair". In this paper, we briefly summarise the results of their work., Miroslav Piršel., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Genetic factors may contribute to the differential response to opioids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between polymorphisms of μ1-opioid receptor gene OPRM1 (rs1799971), and P-glycoprotein transporter gene ABCB1 (rs1045642, rs2032582), and piritramide efficacy under postoperative patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). In 51 patients, OPRM1 variant was associated with decreased efficacy in early postoperative period evidenced by sum of pain intensity difference in the 0-6 h postoperative period (SPID0-6), (F=3.27, p=0.029). Mean (SD) SPID0-6 was observed in the 118AA genotype 22.9 (6.1) mm, which was significantly higher from the 118GG genotype 10.0 (4.4) mm, p=0.006. The lowest cumulative dose was recorded in 118AA genotype 19.1 (9.8) mg, which was significantly less than in the 118GG genotype group 36.6 (6.1) mg, p=0.017. Opioid-induced adverse effects were observed in 11, 30, and 100 % of patients in 118AA, 118AG, and 118GG genotype groups, respectively (p<0.05). Piritramide efficacy and safety was not significantly affected by ABCB1 (rs1045642, rs2032582) polymorphisms. Variant OPRM1 118G allele is associated with decreased acute postoperative pain relief after piritramide. Decreased efficacy leads to higher drug consumption under PCA settings, which however, does not fully compensate insufficient pain relief, but increases incidence of adverse effects., O. Bartošová, O. Polanecký, F. Perlík, S. Adámek, O. Slanař., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Hlavní cíl: Zjistit vliv procvičování ošetřovatelského procesu podle OPT modelu klinické rozvahy na erudici studentů oboru všeobecná sestra při využívání pojmů Aliance 3N. Východiska: Motivem k realizaci studie bylo dílo autorek OPT modelu klinické rozvahy Pesut a Herman a výzkumné články k OPT modelu autorů Bartlett et al., Bland et al. a Kautz et al. Metodika: Aplikován byl design přirozeného experimentu u dvou skupin studentů s použitím pretestu a posttestu. Výzkumné nástroje byly nově pro tuto studii připraveny na podkladě publikovaných článků Herman a Bartlett. Jednalo se o pracovní protokoly pro studenty a nástroj k hodnocení erudice klinické rozvahy. Proběhla obsahová validizace protokolů a u hodnotícího nástroje byla ověřena reliabilita. Sběr dat proběhl u souboru šedesáti tří studentů formou záznamů do pracovních protokolů. Data, extrahovaná z protokolů, byla zpracována na hladině signifi kance 0,05 pomocí Studentova párového t-testu a Wilcoxonova párového testu. Výsledky: Medián celkového skóre erudice klinické rozvahy byl, při maximálním dosažitelném počtu 29 bodů, u studentů prezenční formy v pretestu 18,9 a v posttestu 19,5 bodů. U kombinované formy byl před a po cvičení 18,0 a 17,0 bodů. Závěry: U prezenční formy studia byla erudice klinické rozvahy s pojmy Aliance 3N po procvičování zlepšena, ale rozdíl nebyl statisticky signifi kantní. U kombinované formy studia prokázal Wilcoxonův párový test signifi kantní zhoršení. Využití NANDA diagnóz bylo u obou skupin subjektů explicitní, zásadní nedostatky byly shledány ve volbě optimálních NOC a NIC., Main aim: To determine the effect of practicing nursing process by OPT model of clinical reasoning on the expertise of students of General Nursing study in the use of concepts Alliance 3N. Background: The motive for the study was the work of the OPT model of clinical reasoning authors Pesut and Herman and research articles on the OPT model, the authors Bartlett et al., Bland et al. and Kautz et al. Methods: Applied design was a natural experiment on two groups of students using pretest and posttest. Research instruments for this study were new and prepared on the basis Herman and Bartlett’s published articles. Th ese were working protocols for students and a tool to assess erudition of clinical reasoning. Content validation was carried out and evaluation tool was tested on reliability. The data were collected in a group of sixty-three students in the form of records to work protocols. The data extracted from the protocols were processed at 0.05 level of signifi cance using Student’s paired t -test and Wilcoxon paired test. Results: The median of total score sheet clinical erudition was at full-time students in the pretest (before practicing) 18.9 points aft er exercise 19.5 (posttest). The median of total score before and aft er exercise was 18.0 and 17.0 points at part-time study students. Conclusions: For full-time students’ erudition in clinical reasoning with 3N Alliance terms aft er exercises has improved, but the diff erence was not statistically signifi cant. For part-time study students Wilcoxon paired test showed a signifi cant deterioration in student achievement. Use of NANDA diagnoses in both groups of subjects was explicit, major fl aws were found in the choice of optimal NOC and NIC., Jana Marečková, Soňa Bocková, Petra Stefanová, Lenka Mazalová, Radka Matějková, Jana Zapletalová, and Literatura
A visual nervous system inspired approach to optical character recognition is proposed in this paper with the hope to touch human performance in a limited extent. Particularly, the application of features motivated by the hierarchical structure of the visual ventral stream for recognition of both English and Persian handwritten digits is investigated. Features are derived by combining position and scale invariant edge detectors in a hierarchy over neighboring positions and multiple orientations. The extracted features are then used to train and test a classifier. We examine three types of classifiers: ANN, SVM and kNN to show that features are not dependent on a specific classifier which is in support of these features. The evaluation of the proposed method over standard Persian and English handwritten digit datasets shows high recognition rates of 99.63% and 98.9%, respectively. A stability analysis is also performed to demonstrate the robustness of this method to orientation, scale, and translation distortions.