Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) has been recently characterized as a new adipokine. The aim of this study was to assess FGF-21 levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) and to study the relationship between FGF-21, disease activity and metabolic status. The levels of FGF- 21 in serum and synovial fluid samples from 38 patients with RA and 42 control individuals with OA were determined by ELISA. Patients were assessed for disease activity using the disease activity score (DAS28), a serum glucose and lipid profile. Age, sex and BMI-adjusted FGF-21 levels in the serum (p=0.024) and synovial fluid (p=0.010) samples were significantly higher in patients with RA when compared with OA. The levels of FGF-21 in the serum significantly correlated with the levels in the synovial fluid. Serum and synovial fluid FGF-21 levels adjusted for confounders correlated positively with C-reactive protein. The levels of FGF-21 were positively correlated with BMI in patients with RA; however, the levels were not associated with disease activity or lipid profiles. Furthermore, serum FGF-21 levels were significantly higher in seropositive compared with seronegative RA patients. This work shows that patients with seropositive RA have increased levels of FGF-21. The results suggest that FGF-21 is related to BMI but not disease activity or lipid profiles in patients with RA., H. Hulejová ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Increased generation of reactive oxygen species results in the formation of fluorescent end-products of lipid peroxidation – lipofuscin-like pigments (LFP). LFP increased up to six-fold from the fetal value in the rat heart immediately after birth. In the experimental design of this study the fetuses were sampled 1 day before birth, and then the samples were collected on postnatal days 1, 4, 7, 10, 15, 30, and 60. Males and females were compared on day 30 and 60 when the difference between right and left ventricle was studied as well. Four LFP fluorophores were analyzed: F355/440, F310/470, F350/450, F315/450 (excitation/emission, nm). All fluorophores decreased on day 4 relative to day 1, subsequent transient increases ended in a significant decrease on day 60. However, the LFP levels on day 60 are still about threefold higher than those in fetuses. Differences between male and female hearts were observed on day 30. The corresponding male ventricles contained by one third higher concentration of LFP than the female counterparts. The increase in LFP concentration in male ventricles on day 30 was only transient, no difference between corresponding male and female ventricles was found on day 60. The most distinguished feature in the male heart was a sharp LFP decrease in the right ventricle on day 60., J. Wilhelm, I. Ošťádalová., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Our data indicate the significant intrinsic efficacy of GABABreceptors in rat brain cortex already at birth (PD1, PD2). Subsequently, baclofen- and SKF97541-stimulated G-protein activity, measured by agonist-stimulated, high-affinity [35S]GTPγS binding assay, was increased; the highest level of both baclofen and SKF97541-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding was detected between PD10 and PD15. In older rats, baclofen- and SKF97541- stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding was continuously decreased so, that the level in adult, 90-days old animals, was not different from that in newborn animals. The potency of G-protein response to baclofen (characterized by EC50 values) was also high at birth but unchanged by further postnatal development. An individual variance among different agonists was observed in this respect as the potency of SKF97541 response was decreased between the birth and adulthood. Accordingly, the highest plasma membrane density of GABAB-R, determined by saturation binding assay with antagonist [3 H]CGP54626, was measured in 1-day old animals (2.27±0.08 pmol · mg-1). The further development was reflected in a decrease of [3 H]CGP54626 binding as the Bmax values of 1.38±0.05 and 0.93±0.04 pmol · mg-1 were determined in PM isolated from 13- and 90-days old rats, respectively., D. Kagan, ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The article gives an overview of developmental aspects of the ontogeny of pain both in experimental models and in children. The whole article is devoted to the ontogenesis in pain perception and the possible influence on it. The role of endogenous opioids on the development of pain and other important substances such as serotonin, nerve growth factor (NGF) and nicotine are mentioned. There are also important differences of the ontogenesis of thermal and mechanical nociceptive stimulation. The physiological and pathophysiological findings are the backgrounds for principles of treatment, taking into account the special status of analgesics during ontogeny. In particular there are mentioned the special effects of endogenous opioids and especially morphine. It describes the role of vitamin D and erythropoietin during the development of pain perception. This article also mentioned the critical developmental periods in relation to the perception of pain. The attention is paid to stress and immunological changes during the ontogeny of pain. Another important role is played by microglia. The work is concluded by some statements about the use of physiological and pathophysiological findings during the treatment of pain in pediatric practice. Codein analgesia is also described because codein starts to be very modern drug with the dependence., R. Rokyta, J. Fricová., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Our study compared total C-peptide secretion after administration of whey proteins and whey proteins in combination with glucose with results of classical tests assessing beta cell function in the pancreas of healthy individuals. Eight young, healthy (7 males, 1 female; aged 20-26 years), nonobese (BMI: 17-25.9 kg/m2 ) participants with normal glucose tolerance underwent six C-peptide secretion tests. Three secretion tests measured C-peptide response to orally administered substances: whey proteins only (OWT), whey proteins with glucose (OWGT) and glucose only (OGTT); while three secretion tests measured C-peptide response to intravenously administered substances: arginine (AST), glucagon (GST) and glucose (IVGTT). OWT stimulated a greater (93 %, p<0.05) C-peptide response than AST and a 64 % smaller response (p<0.05) than OGTT. OWT also showed lower variability (p<0.05) in C-peptide responses compared to OWGT and OGTT. The greatest total C-peptide response was induced by OWGT (36 % higher than glucose). OWT consistently increased C-peptide concentrations with lower individual variability, while insignificantly increasing glucose levels. Results of this study suggest that both dietology and beta-cells capacity testing could take advantage of the unique property of whey proteins to induce C-peptide secretion., E. Wildová, ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
According to several studies, women with Crohn's disease (CD) had reduced fertility, which is mostly due to voluntary decisions and reduced ovarian reserve. In our study, we aimed to compare reproductive health parameters (RHP), previous pregnancy complications and outcomes, and ovarian reserve (OR) assessed by the anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) in CD patients with healthy controls. In CD patients, we also compared OR according to disease phenotypes. Consecutive pre-menopausal women with CD from two IBD centers were included. The control group consisted of age and BMI-matched healthy controls. We used a questionnaire that included RHP, CD phenotype, and CD activity. Serum AMH was assessed by the Elecsys AMH plus essay. We enrolled 50 patients and 56 controls with a median age of 31 years. All CD patients were in clinical remission. We observed no difference in RHP or AMH (median 2.6 vs. 2.1 ug/l, p = 0.98), or the proportion of low OR (AMH<1,77, 38 vs. 41.1 %, p=0.84). The slope of age-related decrease did not differ between the groups. The subgroup of CD patients after surgery and those older than 30 years with CD for >5years had a steeper decrease in AMH (slope -0.12 vs. -0.29, p = 0.04 and - 0.31 vs. -0.2, p = 0.029). In a multivariate analysis, age was the single independent predictor of low OR (OR=1.25). In women with Crohn’s disease, once the disease activity is under control, the reproductive health and ovarian reserve do not substantially differ from healthy controls., Tomáš Koller, Jana Kollerová, Tibor Hlavatý, Barbora Kadlečková, Juraj Payer., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Long-term effects of renal denervation (DNX) commonly include a decrease in blood pressure (BP), observed in both normotensive animals and various models of hypertension. On the other hand, short term BP re sponses vary. We examined how post-DNX increase in BP observed in this study depends on baseline metabolic and functional status of an imals, with a special interest for the role of oxidative stress. Anesthetized Wistar rats on standard (STD), low-sodium (LS) or high-sodium (HS) diet were used, untreated or pre-treated with tempol, a superoxide scavenger, or N(omeg a)-propyl-L-arginine (L-NPA), an inhibitor of neuronal NOS (nNOS). Early BP and renal hemodynamic responses were examined to right- and then left- side DNX performed using an own relatively non-invasive technique. Left kidney cortical, outer- and inner-medullary blood flows (CBF, OMBF, IMBF) were co ntinuously recorded as laser- Doppler fluxes. Sequential denervat ions significantly increased BP to final 19 %, 12 %, and 6 % above control level in HS, LS, and STD groups, respectively. CBF, a measure of total renal perfusion, increased in LS and STD but not in HS rats. Tempol pretreatment prevented the post-denervation BP increase on each diet. Selective inhibition of nNOS prevented BP increase in STD and HS groups, a modest incr ease persisted in LS rats. We propose that enhanced afferent impulsation from intrarenal chemoreceptors related to oxidative stress in the kidney was the background for acute BP increase after DNX. The response was triggered by a release of brain sympatho-excitatory centers from inhibition by renal afferents, this was followed by widespread sympathetic cardiovascular stimulation., A. Walkowska, J. Sadowski, E. Kompanowska-Jezierska., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases the release of serum calcium through osteoclasts, which leads to bone resorption. Primary, PTH stimulates osteoblasts leading to increase RANKL (receptor activator for nuclear factor kappa-B ligand) expression and thus differentiation of osteoclasts. In kidneys, PTH increases calcium and decrease phosphate reabsorption. In kidneys, PTH stimulates 1alpha-hydroxylase to synthesize active vitamin D. Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is characterized by skeletal or renal complications. Nowadays, the classical form of PHPT is less seen and asymptomatic or subclinical (oligo symptomatic) forms are more frequent. Previously, it was thought that cortical bone is preferably affected by PHPT and that predispose bones to fracture at sites with a higher amount of cortical bone. However, an increased risk of vertebral fractures has been found by most of the studies showing that also trabecular bone is affected. Bone Mass measurement (BMD) at all skeletal sites is advised, but another specific tool for fracture assessment is needed. Trabecular bone score (TBS), an indirect measure of trabecular bone, maybe a useful method to estimate fracture risk. TBS is associated with vertebral fractures in PHPT regardless of BMD, age, BMI and gender. Furthermore, there is an association between TBS and high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) parameters in the trabecular and cortical compartment. However, studies considering the effect of PHPT treatment on TBS are more conflicting. Secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by vitamin D deficiency was associated with impaired bone microarchitecture in all age categories, as measured by TBS and Hr-pQCT with further improvement after treatment with vitamin D. and Martin Kužma, Peter Jackuliak, Zdenko Killinger, Juraj Payer.
Repeated administration of partial agonist of benzodiazepine receptors Ro 19-8022 (a derivative of quinolizine class) does not elicit withdrawal in adult rats. Our older data demonstrated that single injection of Ro 19-2088 to immature rats induces increased sensitivity to convulsant action of pentylenetetrazol as a withdrawal phenomenon. To know if repeated administration of the partial agonist has the same effect we injected rats at postnatal days 7 to 11 with an anticonvulsant dose of Ro 19-2088 (0.5 mg/kg i.p.) and tested them 24 h, 48 h and 4 days after the last injection. Repeated administration of Ro 19-8022 resulted also in an increased sensitivity to convulsant action of pentylenetetrazol in immature rats (higher incidence and severity of seizures). This effect was significant 24 h after the last injection but only outlined 48 h after administration. No signs of hypersensitivity were seen at 4-day interval. There is a difference between immature and adult brain in an appearance of withdrawal symptom after administration of the partial agonist of benzodiazepine receptors Ro 19-2088., H. Kubová, P. Mareš., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The early postnatal period is characterized by a great plasticity with critical windows in which any inadequate insult or intervention may be able to influence both positively and adversely postnatal growth and development. After birth the rat littermates enter the presuckling period (initial 6 hours terminated by the first nursing), characterized by transition from the amniotic fluid to the air, by the changes of the ambient temperature, by the termination of placental nutrition and by oxidative stress. After this stage the suckling period initiates and the littermates start to consume milk of their mothers. Comsumption of milk culminates on day 15, then decreases and terminates on postnatal day 28. The end of the suckling period and the onset of physiological weaning is determined by the moment when the youngs for the first time consume the solid food together with milk (postnatal day 17 in rats). On day 19 the first intake of drinking water occurs. The weaning period terminates by the last consumption of maternal milk – on postnatal day 28. It is necessary to stress that the duration of early postnatal periods is independent of the changes of body weight. The precise knowledge of individual ontogenetic periods critical for further development is crucial for the prediction and explanation of reactions to various pathogenetic stimuli both under experimental conditions and in clinical medicine., I. Ošťádalová, A. Babický., and Obsahuje seznam literatury