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1. "... čeština ve většině okresů země je stále ještě nezbytná...": existoval jazykový program v nařízeních Josefa II. pro země Koruny české?

Creator:
Timofejev, Dmitrij
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
II., římskoněmecký císař, Josef, 1741-1790, jazyková politika, language policy, Rakousko (1526-1804), země Koruny české, Austrian monarchy (1526-1804), Lands of the Bohemian Crown, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
The article deals with the regulation of the use of Czech, German and classical languages in the administrative, school and Church spheres as it appears in the decrees published during Joseph II’s reign for the lands of the Bohemian crown. The author attempts to reconstruct the emperor’s vision of the usage of the different languages in the Czech lands, find the reasoning behind it, and identify the methods of this regulation. He also asks whether, in Joseph II’s case, one can speak about a "language policy" as a deliberate strategy to change the language situation in the Czech lands., Dmitrij Timofejev., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

2. "A Pinch of Equality": the cultural technique of numbering in the late 18th century

Creator:
Tantner, Anton and Pohl, Brita
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
18. století, číslování domů, house numbering, media history, numbering, cultural technique, surveillance studies, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech
Description:
The 18th century sees the triumph of a cultural technique so self-evident to us that we hardly think that it might have a history at all: numbering. This technique assigns a number to an object or a subject - whether a house, a page in a book, a regiment, a tone pitch, a painting, a horse-drawn carriage or a policeman - in order to positively identify this object or subject. The article presents a hitherto nearly undiscovered research field by clarifying some of the basic terminology and draws on examples from all over Europe, focussing on the numbering of - mostly vagrant - people on one side, on spaces such as houses, rooms or even hospital beds on the other side. At the end some of the research questions to be asked about this topic in the future are presented., Anton Tantner ; translated by Brita Pohl., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
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3. "Ani o grajciar viac...": klientela bratislavských kníhkupcov v radoch uhorského evanjelického duchovenstva

Creator:
Križanová, Petronela
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Institoris-Mošovský, Michal, 1733-1803, Mahler, Philip Ulrich, 1746-1806, Löwe, Anton, asi 1740-asi 1800, 18. století, knižní obchod, knihkupci, knihaři, book trade, booksellers, bookbinders, Maďarsko, Bratislava (Slovensko), Hungary, Bratislava (Slovakia), 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
The author examines the clientele of the Bratislava booksellers Anton Löwe and Philip Ulrich Mahler in the context of the Hungarian book trade from 1770 to 1800. By analysing the extant correspondence of Michal Institoris Mošovský, a protestant pastor in Bratislava, she was able to partially identify one segment of their customer base - protestant clergymen. For many years these members of the petty intelligentsia purchased from the Bratislava booksellers, in particular imported works by the German pietists and Enlightenment theologians. The author also investigated the social and geographical limits of the distribution process, some of the contact and distribution networks, and the identity of key figures., Petronela Križanová., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
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4. "Es ist nicht leichters, als diese Difficultät zu heben...": Tereziánské správní reformy, centralizace monarchie a pojetí české státnosti na příkladu výkonu nobilitační agendy jako výseku majestátních práv české koruny

Creator:
Brňovják, Jiří
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
česká a uherská královna, císařovna, choť Františka Štěpána I., římskoněmeckého císaře, Marie Terezie, 1717-1780, centralismus, nobilitace, česká koruna, centralism, nobilitation, Czech koruna, správní reformy, český stát, administrative reforms, Bohemian state, Bohemian crown, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
This study examines the possibilities and limitations of centralizing reforms within the western part of the Habsburg monarchy, as illustrated by the problematic issue of ennoblement in the Czech lands. The administrative reforms of 1749 resulted in the administrative union of both state entities in a single whole of (all) so-called Hereditary Lands. They also led to the closure of separate offices at court representing the Czech and Austrian lands, replacing them with a single Directorium in publicis et cameralibus, which took over the ennoblement programme hitherto operated by those two offices. Despite the apparently centralizing tendency of the reforms, this did not extend to any unification of entitlements to ennoblement, which continued to be based on particular ranks and titles specific to either the Kingdom of Bohemia or the Archduchy of Austria. It was not until 1752 that, on the urging of Maria Theresa herself, a unified, legally binding system for dispensing preferment and privilege, including a unified scale of aristocratic titles for all the Hereditary Lands, was introduced. In practice, ennoblement rights in the two state entities remained differentiated as to specific titles up until the early 19th century, when the two systems were superseded by a new Austrian Imperial ranking. Thus one of the last relics of the conception of the Czech Crown Lands as an autonomous historical entity finally ceased to exist., Jiří Brňovják., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
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6. "In wie weit diese Aufführung an Vollkommenheit der Erwartung unpartheyischer Kenner entsprochen habe, mag der Leser aus folgender kurzen Uebersicht entnehmen": Rhetorische Figuren und kritische Strategien der Theaterkritik im Prager Zeitschriftenwesen der 1790er Jahre

Creator:
Jakubcová, Alena
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Iffland, August Wilhelm, 1759-1814, periodika, osvícenství, divadlo, periodicals, enlightenment, theater, Vídeň (Rakousko), Praha (Česko), Vienna (Austria), Prague (Czechia), literary criticism, theatre criticism, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech
Description:
The article focuses on early theatre criticism in Prague and Vienna at the end of the 18th century. It analyzes the argumentational forms and critical strategies. The 1790s are represented by three periodicals: Der Wahrheitsspiegel (Prague 1796-1798), Österreichische Monatsschrift (Prague - Vienna 1793-1794) and Der Theatralische Eulenspiegel (Prague 1797). The study is based on a close reading of six specific theatre critiques. It deals with epoch-typical critical postulates, with taste (Geschmack), impartiality (Unparteilichkeit) and the aesthetic concept of theatre as a real illusion (wahre Täuschung). This analysis of individual attitudes is also a contribution to the description and interpretation of theatre history and repertoire reforms., Alena Jakubcová jun., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
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7. "Je to boj přírody o život & smrt...": lékaři ve službách Schwarzenbergův letech 1780-1830

Creator:
Grubhoffer, Václav
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Schwarzenbergové (rod), 18.-19. století, dějiny lékařství, history of medicine, schwarzenberští lékaři, Schwarzenbergs' physicians, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
From the 1780s on, the court of the Princes of Schwarzenberg generally maintained four or five personal doctors. These privileged positions were frequently held by individuals who also practised as municipal or county physicians. In their castles in Bohemia the Schwarzenbergs also employed surgeons and apothecaries, and in line with the professionalization of medical care during the Enlightenment they attached great importance to the training of health workers. In the first three decades of the 19th century health care in the context of the Schwarzenberg primogeniture became even more specialized and the number of medical staff on the various Schwarzenberg estates increased. In addition to their own physicians, the Schwarzenbergs also entrusted their health needs to eminent medical experts drawn primarily from the Habsburg court and the University of Vienna and later, from the 1830s on, to many doctors working in the Czech Lands. This study considers the relationship between the high nobility as representatives of social elites on the one hand and the Enlightenment medicalization of society with its professionalization of health care on the other. It maps the structure of medical care within one aristocratic family and their estates and its transformation over a fifty‐year period. It also attempts to discover who the Schwarzenbergs’ doctors were and what socio‐cultural background they came from., Václav Grubhoffer., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
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10. "Obecný lid nejvíc ziskem k činům se popuzuje": záchrany lidí před utonutím v Čechách na konci 18. století

Creator:
Hudeček, Ondřej
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
utonutí, drowning, Česko, Czechia, zdravotní policie, remunerace, drowning people, remuneration, medical police, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
This article examines the administration of rescue operations to save people from drowning and the distribution of rewards to rescuers in Bohemia during the 1780s and 1790s. Based on documented interrogations and official records, the article looks at the investigatory process, the conditions rescuers had to fulfil in order to apply for a reward from the Bohemian Gubernium, and the role of other actors in this process, such as witnesses and doctors. The study departs from the concept of biopolitics developed by French philosopher Michel Foucault and shows how the state authorities tried to foster mutual solidarity among town dwellers. While Enlightenment thinkers continued to stress the role of "love for human beings" (Menschenliebe), i.e. universal interpersonal solidarity, the elites held the view that the biggest motivation for anyone to save a person from drowning was monetary reward. The aim of the enlighteners, however, was to encourage people to embrace the ideal of "Menschenliebe" and to fully identify with it - hence their emphasis on cases of selfless acts, especially in newspapers and popular literature. Besides that, the article analyses the trend towards the medicalization of society in the Enlightenment period and changes in attitudes to death., Ondřej Hudeček., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
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12. "Sine respectu personarum"? The creation of a new citizen by policing the population. Habsburg Monarchy, 1750-1820

Creator:
Himl, Pavel
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
státní správa, policie, aristokracie, state administration, police, aristocracy, social equality, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech
Description:
The declared aim of enlightened administrative reforms was to provide security and aid the whole population, i.e., all social classes. Executive powers of the newly introduced police institutions covered - and defined - the whole public sphere and measures such as census or obligation to have a passport applied, at least in theory, to persons from all walks of life. This article examines how and to what extent were these ambitions applied in practice and whether these measures had an equalising effect on the society. The author concludes that unequal, in this case preferential, administrative treatment of especially the aristocracy was still widespread at the beginning of the nineteenth century. On the one hand, persons of a higher social status - who often held public offices - were supposed to embody the new civil virtues and set an example. On the other hand, however, it was feared that any public punishment or police treatment of such persons would undermine public authority and social order in general., Pavel Himl., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
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13. "They now have to create an entirely different vehicle, if they want to catch up with other nations...": Prague literary culture in enlightenment-era travelogues

Creator:
Dobiáš, Dalibor
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
osvícenství, enlightenment, Rakousko (1526-1804), Austrian monarchy (1526-1804), travelogues, literacy criticism, Habsburg Monarchy, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech
Description:
This article deals with the representation of literary culture in the Bohemian lands in late 18th and early 19th century travelogues as an influential literary genre of the late Enlightenment period. Against the background of their authors’ (mostly North and Central German travellers’) views on the Habsburg monarchy, the Bohemian lands and Prague in particular, as well as their education and art, the article seeks to analyse the variety of perspectives and the clash of external and domestic perspectives, as well as their description strategies. It draws attention both to the ideologisation and interconnection of the travelogue discourse and to the reactions of domestic authors to the travellers’ generalizing criticisms and their forms. To summarize, the article argues that the traditional classification of travelogues as predominantly pro- or anti-Slavic does not exactly hit the mark in this period, for travelogues do reflect the discussion on Czech literary culture in the Bohemian lands in statu(re-)nascendi in the context of local history and the enlightenment of the common folk., Dalibor Dobiáš., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
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14. "Vás o, svatí patronové, pobožně vzýváme" aneb poslední epidemie moru z let 1713-1714 v myšlení a jednání obyvatel města Písku

Creator:
Duda, Zdeněk
Format:
print, text, regular print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
mor, plague, Písek (Česko), Písek (Czechia), disciplinační opatření, barokní zbožnost, baroque piety, disciplinary measures, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
The Black Death plague constituted a major disruption of the ordinary pace of life of the society in early modern period. As such it attracted interest and drew attention. The Black Death menace caused panic and fear, and therefore various measures and actions which were supposed to prevent the outbreak of the plague or at least considerably limit its consequences were defined and carried out. Such practices were shaped by contemporary ideologies and mentalities and reflected everyday experience. The study of various means of dealing with the Black Death menace may be like looking in a mirror in which the curves of the quotidian lifestyle of the period are reflected. The present paper which analyses the last Black Death plague of 1713-1714 in the environment of a south­Bohemian town offers one such view. The mechanisms which the inhabitants of the regional capital Písek formulated and applied in the attempt to confront the iimpending Black Death menace, are specifically examined. The bearing of these mechanisms on contemporary devoutness is also problematized at the level of so­called semi­folk discourse., Zdeněk Duda., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
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16. ''Bez sociální politiky to nejde!'': k výzkumu sociálněpolitické praxe na území Protektorátu Čechy a Morava

Creator:
Radka Šustrová
Format:
print
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
sociální politika, dějiny sociální politiky, Protektorát Čechy a Morava (1939-1945), social politics, history social politics, protectorate Bohemia and Moravia (1939-1945), 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech
Description:
Sociální politika v Protektorátu Čechy a Morava představuje jedno z klíčových témat současného výzkumu dějin tohoto období. Článek se zabývá možnostmi, jak zkoumat tuto problematiku s ohledem na nejnovější badatelské trendy ve výzkumu nacionálního socialismu. V úvodním nástinu historiografického zpracování protektorátní sociální politiky je naznačena zejména převládající jednotvárnost v argumentaci, nesystémovost výkladu a omezení české a československé historiografické produkce na etnicky české obyvatelstvo. Dosavadní výzkum zcela rezignuje na zasazení sociální politiky do kontextu dějin společnosti. Autorka tak nejdříve načrtává společenský rámec, který reprezentuje koncept „národního společenství“ (Volksgemeinschaft), v němž se utvářely a realizovaly představy o smyslu a funkci sociální politiky. V další části se zaměřuje na obsahové vymezení pojmu „sociální politika“ v podobě, jak jej chápali nacističtí teoretici po roce 1933. V závěrečné části se pokouší o definování nově utvářených sociálních poměrů v česko-německém prostředí Protektorátu Čechy a Morava a naznačuje možnosti jejich analýzy v oblasti realizace sociální politiky. Za perspektivní považuje jednak sledování procesu uplatňování příslušných měřítek v říši a protektorátu v rovině expertního diskurzu, jednak výzkum vlastní sociálněpolitické praxe. V rozdílných motivacích režimu při realizaci sociálněpolitických opatření ve vztahu k různých skupinám obyvatelstva spatřuje autorka nejpodstatnější aspekty realizace sociální politiky na škále od sociálního vyloučení po formy sociálního ochranářství., Social policy in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, from mid-March 1939 to early May 1945, is a key topic in contemporary research on the history of this brief period. The article is concerned with the possible approaches to research with regard to the latest trends in research on National Socialism. It begins with an outline of the historiography of social policy in the Protectorate, which is marked chiefly by a predominant uniformity of argumentation, a lack of systematic approach to interpretation, and Czech and Czechoslovak historians’ limiting themselves to the ethnically Czech population. Research conducted so far has completely failed to put social policy into the context of social history. The author thus first provides an outline of the social framework, which represents the concept of a Volksgemeinschaft (national/ethnic/racial community), in which ideas about the purpose and function of social policy were formed and implemented. In the next part, she focuses on the definition of the term ‘social policy’ as understood by Nazi theorists after 1933. In the last part of the article, she seeks to define the new social relations in the Czech-German environment of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, and suggests possibilities of its analysis in the area of the implementation of social policy. She believes that it will be fruitful to study the implementation of the relevant criteria in the Reich and the Protectorate at the level of discussions among experts, and to research social policy in practice. The author sees the most important aspects of the implementation of social policy as residing in the various motivations of the régime when implementing social policy in relation to different parts of the population, ranging from social exclusion to forms of social protectionism., Radka Šustrová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
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17. ''Minulost je bitevním polem současníků'': konference k osmdesátinám Viléma Prečana

Creator:
Jiří Hoppe
Format:
print
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Prečan, Vilém, 1933-, historici, jubilejní oslavy, konference, dějiny, jubilee celebration, conference, history, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech
Description:
Ústav pro soudobé dějiny Akademie věd ČR, v. v. i., byl hlavním pořadatelem konference „Minulost je bitevním polem současníků“, která se konala ve dnech 24. a 25. ledna 2013 u příležitosti osmdesátých narozenín historika Viléma Prečana, prvního ředitele ústavu a současného předsedy správní rady Československého dokumentačního střediska. Pracovní program konference se odbýval v pražském Černínském paláci, společenský večer v Muzeu hudby mělo v režii Národní muzeum. Autor přibližuje všechny referáty přednesené v pěti konferenčních blocích a závěrem nechává zaznít v delší citaci slova, v nichž se nad některými příspěvky a tématy konference zamyslel Vilém Prečan., Organized chiefly by the Institute of Contemporary History, Prague, a conference, ‘The Past is the Battlefield of the Our Contemporaries’, was held in the Czernin Palais, Prague, on 24 and 25 January 2013, to mark the eightieth birthday of the historian Vilém Prečan, the first director of the Institute and the current Chairman of the Board of the Czechoslovak Documentation Centre. The conference was accompanied by an evening of music and a buffet dinner at the Museum of Music, organized by the National Museum, Prague. The author reports here on all the papers given in the five conference blocks, and concludes with a long quotation of Vilém Prečan’s views on some of the papers and topics presented at the conference., and Jiří Hoppe.
Rights:
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20. 6. bienále České společnosti pro výzkum 18. století: Marie Terezie - osvícená panovnice z donucení? Ke 300. výročí narození

Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
česká a uherská královna, císařovna, choť Františka Štěpána I., římskoněmeckého císaře, Marie Terezie, 1717-1780, konference, conferences, 8, and 94(437)
Language:
Czech and English
Description:
redakce.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

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