This review summarizes recent information on the role of calcium in the process of neuronal injury with special attention to the role of calcium stores in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Experimental results present evidence that ER is the site of complex processes such as calcium storage, synthesis and folding of proteins and cell response to stress. ER function is impaired in many acute and chronic diseases of the brain which in turn induce calcium store depletion and conserved stress responses. Understanding the mechanisms leading to ER dysfunction may lead to recognition of neuronal protection strategies., J. Lehotský, P. Kaplán, E. Babušíková, A. Strapková, R. Murín., and Obsahuje bibliografii