Cieľ: Cieľom našej práce bolo identifikovať kauzatívne germinálne mutácie u suspektných NF1 pacientov za účelom diferenciálnej diagnostiky a zozbieranie čo najväčšieho súboru pacientov pre prípadné genotypovo-fenotypové korelácie. Súbor a metodika: Náš súbor pozostával zo 107 nezávislych pacientov zo Slovenska, ktorý boli v období rokov 2008-2013 klinickými genetikmi posúdení ako suspektní pre NF1. Na identifikáciu mutácií bolo použité sekvenovanie cDNA NF1 génu, ktoré nám umožnilo úspešnú identifikáciu zostrihových mutácií, ako aj MLPA analýza umožňujúca identifikáciu rozsiahlejších delécií v géne. Výsledky: V súbore 94 nepríbuzných slovenských pacientov, ktorí spĺňali základné diagnostické kritériá pre neurofibromatózu, sme za použitia našich metód identifikovali germinálne mutácie v NF1 géne u 83 z nich (88,3 %). Zaznamenali sme vysoký podiel mutácií, ktoré boli zatiaľ identifikované len v slovenskej populácii (41/83, 49,4 %), a u 27/42 testovaných rodinách sme potvrdili mutáciu de novo (64,3 %). Genotypovo-fenotypové korelácie odhalili zvýšený výskyt očných gliómov u pacientov s mutáciou na 5’ konci NF1 génu. Závery: Kombinácia cDNA analýzy a MLPA je efektívnou pre identifikáciu mutácií v NF1 géne. Na základe tejto diagnostickej metódy sme odhalili aj často nesprávne klasifikované netypické zostrihové mutácie. Naše výsledky využili klinickí genetici pri diferenciálnej diagnostike ochorenia, hlavne v sporných prípadoch. Kľúčová slová: NF1 gén – kauzatívna germinálna mutácia – RNA zostrih – genotypovo-fenotypové korelácie – de novo mutácie –diferenciálna diagnostika, Aim: The aim of our study was to identify causative germline mutation in suspected NF1 patients, in order to help differential diagnostics, as well as to collect as large as possible group of patients for a possible genotype-phenotype correlations. Material and methods: Our set of patients consisted of 107 Slovak patients, recruited between 2008 and 2013, who were considered for a diagnosis NF1 by clinical genetics. In order to identify mutations, we employed NF1 cDNA sequencing that enabled us to also detect splicing mutations, as well as MLPA analysis that enables identification of larger deletions. Results: By employing the selected methods in our set of 94 unrelated Slovak patients who fulfilled the basic NF1 diagnostic criteria, we uncovered germline mutations in the NF1gene in 83 of them (88.3%). We observed a high proportion of mutations identified in Slovak population only so far (41/83, 49.4%), and we confirmed de novo mutation in 27/42 tested families (64.3%). Genotype-phenotype correlations revealed an increased incidence of optic pathway glioma in patients with a mutation in the 5´end of the NF1 gene. Conclusion: Combination of cDNA analysis and MLPA provides an effective method for identification of mutations in the NF1 gene. By employing these methods, we were able to also identify frequently incorrectly classified atypical splicing mutations. Clinical geneticists used our results in the differential diagnosis of the disease, especially in contested cases. Key words: NF1 gene – causative germline mutation – RNA splicing – genotype-phenotype correlation – de novo mutations –differential diagnostics The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for biomedical papers., and M. Némethová, A. Bolčeková, S. Požgayová, D. Ilenčíková, A. Hlavatá, R. Kádaši, L. Kovácz, A. Zaťková
Spinální svalová atrofie (SMA) I. a II. typu (Werdnigova-Hoffmannova choroba) je závažné autozomálně recesivně dědičné nervosvalové onemocnění dětského věku. Kauzální gen SMN (survival motor neuron) je duplikován v telomerické (SMN1) a centromerické (SMN2) kopii. Inhibitory histonových deacetyláz fenylbutyrát (PBA) a kyselina valproová (VPA) mohou modifikovat sestřihový vzorec genu SMN2 u SMA pacientů zvýšením hladiny transkripčního produktu genu SMN2 o plné délce, a tím zvýšit i množství SMN proteinu. Cílem naší pilotní studie bylo otestovat vztah mezi počtem kopií genu SMN2, změnami exprese mRNA genu SMN2 a klinickými výsledky u malého souboru pacientů se SMA I. a II. typu na medikaci PBA (N = 6) nebo VPA (N = 11). Klinický efekt byl hodnocen pomocí Hammersmith funkční motorické škály před zahájením a po 8 týdnech medikace. 2 pacienti ze 4 ve skupině medikované PBA a 5 pacientů z 11 ve skupině s VPA vykazovalo zvýšení o 3 nebo 4 body Hammersmith škály. U 4 pacientů došlo ke zvýšení o 4 body Hammersmith škály, ale jen u 2 z nich k významnějšímu nárůstu hladiny mRNA genu SMN2 o plné délce. Dosažené výsledky prokázaly opodstatněnost budoucích rozsáhlejších intervenčních klinických studií s inhibitory histonových deacetyláz., Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) type I and II (Werdnig-Hoffmann disease) is a serious autosomal recessive neuromuscular disease in children. The SMA causing gene – survival motor neuron gene (SMN) is duplicated, with telomeric copy (SMN1) and centromeric copy (SMN2). Histone deacetylase inhibitors phenylbutyrate (PBA) and valproic acid (VPA) can modify the pattern of SMN2 splicing in SMA patients towards increase of full-length SMN2 mRNA and amount of the SMN protein. The aim of our study was to correlate SMN2 gene copy numbers and changes in expression of full length mRNA with clinical outcomes in small groups of SMA type I and II patients treated with PBA (N = 6) or VPA (N = 11). The Hammersmith functional motor scale was evaluated at baseline and after 8 weeks of medication. 2 patients out of 4 in the PBA group and 5 patients out of 11 in the VPA group showed an increase of 3 or 4 points in the Hammersmith scale. 4 patients showed the increase of 4 points in the Hammersmith scale but only 2 had significantly increased levels of full-length SMN2 mRNA. The results obtained during therapy justify future interventional trials with histone deacetylase inhibitors., Petr Vondráček, E. Zapletalová, L. Mlčáková, and Lit. 20
The purpose of study was to analyze clinical and genetic polymorphism of Duchenne/Becker progressive muscular dystrophies among patients with neuromuscular diseases in Uzbekistan. 106 male patients with progressive pseudohypertrophic forms of muscular dystrophy were retrospectively and prospectively analyzed in the period from 2004 till 2014: 93 patients with Duchenne PMD aged from 3 years to 18 years and 13 patients with Becker PMD aged from 10 years to 25 years, who had been examined in the medico-genetic consulting department of the Republican Center “Mother and Child Screening” of Tashkent city. Comprehensive clinical, neurophysiological, biochemical and genetic study of patients as the integral part in the differential diagnosis of Duchenne/Becker progressive muscular dystrophies allows creating the national database on D/B PMD to prevent the birth of children in families burdened by this disease., Umida Tulkinovna Omonova, and Literatura
Interventions of paediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome are complex, varied and multidisciplinary. The goal of the treatment is to restore optimal breathing during the night and to relieve associated symptoms. Evidence suggests that the surgical intervention with removal of the tonsils and adenoids will lead to significant improvements in the most incomplicated cases, as recently reported from a meta-analysis. However, post-operative persistence of this syndrome in paediatric population is more frequent than expected, which supports the idea of the complexity of this syndrome. Adenotomy alone may not be sufficient in children with OSAS, because it does not address oropharyngeal obstruction secondary to tonsillar hyperplasia. Continuous positive airway pressure can effectively treat this syndrome in selected groups of children, improving both nocturnal and daytime symptoms, but poor adherence is a limiting factor. For this reason, CPAP is not recommended as first-line therapy for OSAS when adenotonsillectomy is an option. It is now being investigated the incorporation of nonsurgical approaches for milder forms and for residual OSAS after surgical intervention. Althought adeno-tonsillar hypertrophy is the most common for OSAS in children; obesity is emerging as an equally important etiological factor. Therefore an intensive weight reduction program and adequate sleep hygiene are also important lifestyle changes that may be very effective in mitigating the symptoms of this syndrome. Pharmacological therapy (leukotriene antagonists, topical nasal steroids) is usually use for mild forms of OSAS and in children with associated allergic diseases. Special orthodontic treatment and oropharyngeal exercises are a relatively new and promising alternative therapeutic modality used in selected groups of children with OSAS. and A. Šujanská, P. Ďurdík, J. Rabasco, O. Vitelli, N. Pietropaoli, M. P. Villa