Alzheimerova choroba (ACH) je nejčastější forma demence. Jedná se o degenerativní, nevyléčitelné, terminální onemocnění. Postihuje až 75 % nemocných na celém světě postižených demencí. Prevalence tohoto onemocnění je vysoká, etiologie stále není známá. Je sledována řada rizikových faktorů. Pilotní studie projektu Epidemiologie a genetika Alzheimerovy choroby s 334 případy a 102 kontrolami z psychiatrických léčeben přináší následující výsledky z dotazníkového šetření a stěru z bukální sliznice. Dotazník se skládá z otázek zaměřených na základní identifikační údaje, vzdělání, životní styl, vaskulární rizikové faktory, zájmy, zaměstnání, výskyt nemoci v rodině, výsledky Minimental State Examination (MMSE). Dále jsou uvedeny výsledky analýzy polymorfizmů genu pro angiotenzinkonvertázu (ACE). Ve výsledcích je naznačeno, že u pacientů s ACH se v anamnéze častěji vyskytuje kardiovaskulární onemocnění a úraz hlavy. Výsledky analýz vztahu polymorfizmu I/D genu pro ACE k Alzheimerově chorobě odpovídají dosud publikovaným výsledkům, tzn., že genotypy II a ID mají vztah k riziku ACH, i když zatím nebyl zjištěn statisticky významný rozdíl ve sledovaných skupinách respondentů., Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. It is a degenerative incurable terminal disease. AD affects a high percentage (75%) of persons with dementia all over the world. Prevalence is very high. Etiology is still unknown. Numerous etiological factors of AD have already been discovered. Pilot evaluation of 334 cases and 102 controls from mental hospitals in project Epidemiology and Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease provided following the results from questionaires and buccal mucosa smears. The questionnaires contain questions about identification, education, lifestyle, vascular risk factors, hobbies, occupation, incidence of the disease in the family, results of Minimental State Examination (MMSE).Results of the analysis of the gene of I/D polymorphism of ACE are presented. Results suggest that persons with AD have often a cardiovascular disease and head injury in their case history. The results of analysis of the relationship between I/D polymorphism of ACE gene and Alzheimer's diseases in accordance with results published until now, even if the statistical difference between AD patients and controls is not statistically significant., Jana Povová, Hana Tomášková, Omar Šerý, Petr Ambroz, Kateřina Vařechová, Vladimír Janout, and Literatura
Objectives: The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of dopamine receptor D2 / ankyrin repeat and protein kinase domain containing 1 (DRD2/ANKK1) TaqIA allelic polymorphism in the HPVinduced cervical carcinogenesis. Methods: 1. Effect on the risk of cervical precancer: After an 8year followup, out of 214 women with persisting highrisk HPV infection, 102 developed highgrade cervical dysplasia or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade III, while 112 did not. The subjects were genotyped for the DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphism by PCRRFLP, and the allelic distributions were compared between groups with and without highgrade dysplasia. 2. Prognostic value: Two hundred and thirty nine women with cervical precancer/cancer were followed for 5 years. Complete remission was achieved at 182 women. To assess the prognostic value of the TaqIA polymorphism, genotype frequencies were compared between patients reaching and not reaching complete remission. Results: The frequency of A1/A1+A1/A2 genotypes was higher among women who developed highgrade cervical dysplasia (OR: 1.87, 95% CI: 1.053.33; p=0.034) than in the other group. Occurrence of the A1 allele was more frequent among women who did not reach complete remission (OR: 2.00, 95% CI: 1.073.74; p=0.030) than in women with complete remission. Conclusions: This is the first report on the possible involvement of DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphism in cervical carcinogenesis. The A1 allele seems to increase the risk of cervical precancer, and it may also be associated with a worse prognosis in women with HPVinduced cervical cancer. The results need further validation in largescale molecular epidemiological studies., József Cseh, Zsuzsa Orsós, Emese Pázsit, Erika Marek, András Huszár, István Ember, István Kiss, and Literatura
Farmakogenetika je vedný odbor, ktorý skúma efekt jednotlivých liekov v závislosti od genotypu. V súčasnosti sú liečebné odporúčania pre liečbu niektorých monogenénových diabetov založené na genetickej diagnostike. Aj v oblasti farmakogenetiky perorálnych antidiabetík boli už publikované prvé štúdie, ktoré zistili asociácie jednotlivých génových variantov s liečebnou odozvou. Odozva na deriváty sulfonylurey bola signifikantne asociovaná s variantmi KCNJ11/ABCC8, TCF7L2 a CYP2C9. Odozva na liečbu metformínom bola asociovaná s variantmi génov ATM a SLC47A1. Odozva na liečbu glitazónmi bola asociovaná s variantom génu PPARG. Terapeutická odozva na liečbu gliptínmi bola asociovaná s variantmi génov TCF7L2 a CTRB1/2. Je možné očakávať, že v blízkej budúcnosti budú farmakogenetické poznatky využívané aj pri personalizácii liečby diabetu 2. typu., Pharmacogenetics is the study of how genes (individual genotypes) affect a person‘s response to drugs. At present, recommendations made about the treatment of some monogenic forms of diabetes are based on genetic diagnostics. The first studies in the field of pharmacogenetics of oral antidiabetics have now been published which have identified associations of individual genetic variants with response to treatment. The response to sulfonylurea derivatives was significantly associated with the variants KCNJ11/ABCC8, TCF7L2 and CYP2C9. The response to metformin treatment was associated with the genetic variants ATM and SLC47A1. The response to treatment with glitazones was associated with the genetic variant PPARG. The therapeutic response to the treatment with gliptins was associated with the genetic variants TCF7L2 and CTRB1/2. It may be expected that in the near future pharmacogenetic knowledge will also be used within personalized treatment of type 2 diabetes., and Ivan Tkáč
Motivation. Our previous study showed differences in the atherosclerosis phenotype between Lithuanian and Swedish men that could be influenced by complementary factors, namely oxidation processes and/or oxidative stress. The goal of this study was to evaluate the mainstream biological pathways inducing and maintaining the atherosclerotic process by analyzing genetic biomarkers particularly in inflammatory and metabolic pathways where the main focus is laid on the oxidation process. Methods. There were 32 families recruited for the study and clinical as well as biochemical analyses were performed. For genetic analysis 150 SNPs in 89 genes were selected in order to construct a microarray based on Arrayed Primer Extension (APEX) genotyping technology. Genotyping was carried out in 28 families and transmission disequilibrium test (TDT), siblingTDT (STDT), and combined analysis were performed. Results. Clinical and biochemical analysis revealed that probands with premature CAD were more likely to have diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia and were male with high body mass index. Genetic analysis showed six SNPs statistically significantly associated with the atherosclerosis phenotype in the candidate genes ITGA2, IL1B, ALOX5A, OR13G1, MMP9 and NFKB1. These genes belong to different biological pathways: trombocyte adhesion and vessel damage, inflammation response, cholesterol and lypoxygenase metabolic pathway and nutrition. Conclusions. Generalized clinical, biochemical, bioinformatical and candidate genes association results support our hypothesis and indicate that the oxidation process may be of key importance in the formation of atherosclerosis., Ingrida Pepalyte, Zita Aušrele Kučinskiene, Kristina Grigalioniene, Žaneta Petrulioniene, Vilma Dženkevičiute, Loreta Bagdonaite, Vaidutis Kučinskas, and Literatura
Hypertrofická kardiomyopatie (HCM) je nejčastější geneticky podmíněné srdeční onemocnění s prevalencí 1 : 500. Ve familiárních případech je dědičnost autozomálně dominantní s neúplnou penetrancí a různou expresivitou, může ovšem vznikat i de novo mutacemi. Nesmírná heterogenita projevů i prognózy HCM případ od případu značně komplikuje klinický management, a proto toto onemocnění stále často přináší mnoho otázek nejen pro lékaře prvního kontaktu, ale i pro kardiology. Stanovení rizika náhlé srdeční smrti u pacientů s HCM je integrální součástí klinického managementu a doporučení pro stratifikaci se neustále vyvíjí. V této kazuistice prezentujeme případ familiární HCM u dvou bratrů nesoucích stejnou mutaci s velmi rozdílným klinickým nálezem a průběhem., Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common genetic cardiac disease with a prevalence of 1 : 500. In familial cases the inheritance is autosomal dominant with non‑complete penetrance and variable expression; however, it can also be caused by de novo mutations. The heterogeneity of both its presentation and prognosis from case to case largely complicates clinical management, and therefore the disease often represents a dilemma for primary care clinicians as well as cardiologists. An estimation of sudden cardiac death risk is an integral part of clinical management and the stratification guidelines are continuously developing. We report on a case of familial HCM in two brothers with the same gene mutation, with very different clinical presentations and consequences., and Kilianová A., Špinarová M., Špinarová L., Grochová I., Feitová V., Krejčí J.
The risk of high-grade lesions and carcinoma is known to correlate with specific high-risk HPV genotypes. The distribution of HPV types varies between countries and little is known about HPV distribution in our country. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the range and frequency of HPV genotypes in studied group of women in Montenegro. HPV genotypes were determined using the method of enzyme restriction of PCR products amplified with group-specific primers MY09/MY11 and restricted with seven different restriction endonucleases. Out of the total number of women HPV infection was found in 1/5 of participants (20%). Genotyping performed in HPV DNA positive women shows that the HPV genotype 16 is dominant and present in more than 1/3 of the participants (36.8%). The second most frequent HPV infection is with HPV genotype 58 and it is found in 10.5% of participants. HPV 31 and HPV 6 infections are present in 7.9% of women, while infections with other genotypes were demonstrated individually by 2.6%. Multiple HPV infection was demonstrated in 18.4% and they are dominant in younger women (aged 25 to 30 years)., Danijela Vujošević, Vineta Vuksanović, Mario Poljak, Nebojša Jokmanović, and Literatura 21
Viral hepatitis B and C is a relevant issue because of high prevalence and degree of chronicity, late diagnosis and poor prognosis. Today, protein products of numerous genes are involved in the pathogenesis of viral pathology of the liver. In this review, the authors analysed 42 literature sources on genetic basis of susceptibility to various infectious diseases. Study of the role of immunogenetic factors is of great practical importance to develop methods for predicting outcomes of viral hepatitis., Khamid Karimov, Sevara Azimova, Bakhtiyor Iriskulov, and Literatura
Kongenitální centrální hypoventilační syndrom (CCHS) je vzácná celoživotní porucha dechového centra, s genetickým podkladem v mutaci genu PHOX2B. Onemocnění se obvykle manifestuje v novorozeneckém věku hypoventilací/apnoí ve spánku. Klinická tíže hypoventilace a riziko rozvoje přidružených onemocnění (Hirschsprungova choroba, nádory neurální lišty, poruchy autonomního nervového systému) se liší dle typu mutace PHOX2B genu. U 90 % pacientů se jedná o heterozygotní mutaci typu PARMs (Polyalanin Repeat Mutations), u zbylých 10 % pacientů nacházíme heterozygotní mutaci typu missence, nonsense nebo frameshift (NON‑PARMs). U prezentovaných novorozenců s geneticky potvrzeným CCHS byla v prvním týdnu po narození nápadná hypoventilace/apnoe vedoucí k významné hyperkapnii a hypoxémii. Po velmi krátké potřebě umělé plicní ventilace se fyziologické krevní plyny dařilo udržovat pomocí neinvazivní spánkové ventilace. S moderními technikami pro domácí ventilaci a sledováním ve specializovaných centrech mají děti s CCHS dlouhodobě dobrou prognózu s nízkou mortalitou., Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) is a rare, lifelong disorder of the breathing centre, resulting from a mutation of the PHOX2B gene. CCHS typically manifests in newborns with alveolar hypoventilation/apnea during sleep. Clinical severity of hypoventilation and a risk of associated conditions (Hirschsprung disease, tumors of neural crest and autonomic nervous system dysfunction) depend on the type of the PHOX2B gene mutation. Approximately 90% of individuals with the CCHS phenotype are heterozygous for the PARMs‑type mutation (Polyalanine Repeat Expansion Mutations), the remaining 10% of patients express heterozygous missense‑, nonsense‑ or frameshift‑type mutation (non‑PARMs). Significant hypoventilation leading to severe hypercapnia and hypoxemia was observed in two of our newborns with proved CCHS during the first week after birth. Following a very short period of mechanical ventilation, we succeeded in maintaining physiological blood gases with noninvasive ventilation during sleep. With modern techniques for home ventilation and follow up at specialized centres, children with CCHS have good long‑term prognosis and low mortality. Key words: central hypoventilation – Ondine‘s Curse The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for biomedical papers., and T. Matějek, M. Šenkeříková, E. Ruszová, J. Malý
Polymorphic CYP2D6 is the enzyme that activates the opioid analgesic tramadol by O-demethylation to its active metabolite O-demethyltramadol (M1). Our objective was to determine the opioid effects measured by pupillary response to tramadol of CYP2D6 genotyped volunteers in relation to the disposition of tramadol and M1 in plasma. Tramadol displayed phenotypic pharmacokinetics and it was possible to identify poor metabolizers (PM) with >99 % confidence from the metabolic ratio (MR) in a single blood sample taken between 2.5 and 24 h post-dose. Homozygous extensive metabolizers (EM) differed from PM subjects by an almost threefold greater (P=0.0014) maximal pupillary constriction (Emax). Significant correlations between the AUC and Cmax values of M1 versus pupillary constriction were found. The corresponding correlations of pharmacokinetic parameters for tramadol itself were weaker and negative. The strongest correlations were for the single-point metabolic ratios at all sampling intervals versus the effects, with rs ranging from 0.85 to 0.89 (p‹0.01). It is concluded that the concept of dual opioid/non-opioid action of the drug, though considerably stronger in EMs, is valid for both EM and PM subjects. This is the theoretical basis for the frequent use and satisfactory efficacy of tramadol in clinical practice when given to genetically non-selected population., O. Slanař, M. Nobilis, J. Květina, R. Mikoviny, T. Zima, J. R. Idle, F. Perlík., and Obsahuje biblografii a bibliografické odkazy
Souhrn: Koronární ateroskleróza je velice rozšířená a na jejím vzniku se z 80 % podílejí klasické rizikové faktory, lipidy, krevní tlak, kouření, dieta a životospráva obecně. Významný je také podíl dědičnosti, poznatkům z oblasti genomu je v posledních letech věnována stále větší pozornost. V současné době již byla popsána řada vztahů mezi polymorfizmy nacházenými v jistých místech genů a pravděpodobností vzniku akutního infarktu myokardu v mladším věku. Průřezové studie se věnují vyhledáváním nevýhodných genotypů a alel, které by mohly ovlivňovat časný rozvoj aterosklerózy a časný vznik infarktu myokardu. V článku je uveden přehled některých dosavadních poznatků z oblasti genetiky u nemocných s akutním infarktem myokardu., Michael Aschermann, K. Sedláček, O. Aschermann, and Lit. 20