Článek se snaží ukázat, že tradiční teze o neexistenci sukcese v oblasti odpovědnosti států za mezinárodně protiprávní chování již neodpovídá současnému stavu mezinárodního práva. Článek vychází z přehledu názorů nauky na tuto velmi zajímavou a spornou otázku a zaměřuje se na dvě hlavní otázky. Za prvé, existuje pravidlo mezinárodního práva vylučující přechod odpovědnosti (tj. sekundární povinnosti) na nástupnický stát? Analýza praxe států a mezinárodní judikatury ukazuje, že takové pravidlo není. Naopak se v řadě případů ukazuje, že došlo k sukcesi ve vztahu k odpovědnosti, zejména ve spojitosti se sukcesí států ve vztahu ke smlouvám a státním dluhům.Praxe však není dostatečně stejnorodá, aby umožnila opačný závěr, že existuje sukcese států ve všech případech. Za druhé, může stát nástupce uplatnit ve prospěch svých státních příslušníků nárok na náhradu škody, kterou utrpěli v době, kdy měli příslušnost státu předchůdce? Na tuto otázku lze odpovědět kladně. V takových případech je možné argumentovat novým pravidlem mezinárodního právo, které bylo potvrzené (jako výjimka z požadavku trvající státní příslušnosti) v návrhu článků o diplomatické ochraně, přijatém Komisí OSN pro mezinárodní právo (2006). and The study aims at demonstrating that the traditional thesis of non-succession in the field of State responsibility for internationally wrongful acts does not correspond to the current status of international law. Starting from the survey of doctrinal views on this highly interesting and controversial issue, the study focuses on two main questions. First, is there a rule of international law
excluding in cases of State succession any transfer of responsibility (i.e. secondary obligation) to a successor State? The analysis of State practice and international case-law shows a lack of such a general rule. To the contrary, in many cases it appears that there was a succession in relation to
responsibility, in particular in connection with State succession in respect of treaties and State debts. However, the practice is not uniform enough to allow for the opposite conclusion that there is State succession in all cases. Second, can a successor State present a claim to reparation on behalf of its
nationals for damage suffered at the time when they had a nationality of a predecessor State? This question can be answered by affirmative. In such cases, it is possible to assert a new rule of international law, confirmed – as an exception from the rule of continuous nationality – in draft Articles on diplomatic protection, adopted by the UN International Law Commission (2006).
a1_Ciele. Štúdia sa zaoberá štvorfaktorovým modelom konceptu súkromného a verejného self Fenigsteina, Scheiera, Bussa (1975), ktorý rozlišuje dva faktory súkromného self: súkromné self v norme (internal state awareness), akcentované súkromné self (self-reflectiveness), a dva faktory verejného self: verejné self - správanie (style consciousness), verejné self - vzhľad (appearance consciousness). Cieľom štúdie bolo overenie faktorovej štruktúry Self-consciousness scale (SCS) uvedených autorov, preskúmanie rozdielov medzi súkromným a verejným self vzhľadom na pohlavie a vek, ako aj overenie súvislostí súkromného a verejného self s osobnostnými dimenziami Big Five. Súbor a procedúra. Výskumný súbor tvorilo 298 respondentov, vo veku 20 až 70 rokov ( 227 žien a 72 mužov). Respondenti boli vyberaní pomocou príležitostného výberu. Na meranie osobnostných dimenzií bola použitá 60 položková slovenská verzia NEO-FFI. Štatistická analýza. Dimenzionalita dotazníka SCS bola overovaná exploračnou faktorovou analýzou, za použitia analýzy hlavných komponentov a nepriamej rotácie (direct oblimin). Vnútorná konzistencia škál bola overovaná pomocou Cronbachovho koeficientu α. Na posúdenie rodových rozdielov bol použitý t-test, na porovnanie vekových rozdielov ANOVA. Korelačná analýza (Pearson) a kroková regresná analýza boli použité na posúdenie vzťahov medzi dimenziami NEO-FFI a škálami SCS., a2_Výsledky. Výsledky podporili štvordimenzionálne riešenie dotazníka s uspokojivou mierou vnútornej konzistencie (α > 0,60). Faktorové zloženie súkromného self vykazovalo v dvoch položkách odlišnosti od predošlých výskumov, faktory verejného self podporili jednoznačne predošlé modely. Faktory súkromného self a faktor verejné self - vzhľad súviseli s vekom a rodom. Korelačné analýzy potvrdili opodstatnenosť rozlišovať dve formy súkromného sebauvedomovania, nakoľko obe vykazovali opačný vzťah s neurotizmom, prívetivosťou a svedomitosťou., b1_Objectives. The study concentrates on the Fenigstein, Scheier and Buss’s (1975) concept of private and public self-consciousness, distinguishing between two factors of private selfconsciousness: internal state awareness and self-reflectiveness, and similarly two factors of public self-consciousness: style consciousness and appearance consciousness. The purpose of the study is to verify the factor structure and the psychometric qualities of the Self-consciousness scale (SCS), examine the differences between private and public self-consciousness considering gender and age; and finally, confirm the association between self-consciousness and the Big Five model. Sample and setting. Research was realized on a sample of 298 participants, aged 20 to 70 years (227 females, 72 men). The sample was based on occasional selection. The 60- item Slovak version of NEO-FFI was used for measuring the personality dimensions. Statistical analysis. Exploratory analysis, the principal component analysis with direct oblimin rotation were used to examine the dimension structure of SCS. Cronbach´s alfa was calculated to asses the internal consistency of the component scales. T-test was used to examine gender differences and ANOVA to examine age differences. To examine the relation between NEO-FFI and scales of SCS the Pearson corelations and stepwise regression analysis were used., b2_ Results. Results supported the 4-factor solution of the scale with acceptable levels of internal consistency (α > 0,60). Differences in factors of private self-consciousness were found in two items compared to previous research; factors of public self confirmed clearly previous models. Factors of internal state awareness and appearance consciousness were significantly related to gender and age. Correlation analysis affirmed the significance of differentiation between two factors of private self-consciousness, as both were reversely associated with neuroticism, agreeableness and conscientiousness., and Milica Schraggeová, Gabriela Šeboková.
Vedeckým zámerom predkladaného príspevku je prostredníctvom historickej, analytickej, komparatívnej a indukčnej metódy odlíšenie klasického žoldnierstva, ako ho definuje medzinárodné právo, od pôsobenie tzv. súkromných vojenských a bezpečnostných spoločností (private military and security companies – PMSC). Tie sa vo forme obchodných spoločností objavujú v rôznych oblastiach medzinárodného krízového manažmentu a tvoria v súčasnosti nezanedbateľný komponent ozbrojenej prítomnosti
v jednotlivých konfliktoch. Sú tiež pomerne výnosným predmetom „nadnárodného“ podnikania s pomerne nejasne stanovenými pravidlami, do ktorých značne zasahuje aj medzinárodné právo ozbrojeného konfliktu (medzinárodné humanitárne právo). V predmetnom príspevku sa snažíme zaujať stanovisko aj k tzv. hard a soft law iniciatívam, ktorých cieľom je potlačiť proliferáciu týchto spoločnosti, (resp. ich vznik a pôsobenie regulovať) a sformulovať závery de lege ferenda v súvislosti s participačným procesom Slovenskej republiky na Dokumente z Montreaux. and This paper wants to, by using historical, analytical, comparative and inductive methods, distinguish typical mercenarism as defined by the international law from the so-called private military and security companies (PMSC), which appear in the form of business corporations in various areas of international crisis management and currently represent a significant component of an
armed presence in the present conflicts and quite profitable subject of “transnational” business with rather vaguely defined rules which are greatly affected by the International law of armed conflict (International humanitarian law). The paper is trying to take a position on the so-called hard and soft law initiatives which seek to suppress the proliferation of these companies (i.e. the creation and regulation) and to formulate conclusions de lege ferenda in connection with the participation process of the Slovak Republic in the Montreaux Document.
This study aimed to investigate the vasoactivity of sulfur dioxide (SO2), a novel gas identified from vascular tissue, in rat thoracic aorta. The thoracic aorta was isolated, cut into rings, and mounted in organ-bath chambers. After equilibrium, the rings were gradually stretched to a resting tension. Isometric tension was recorded under the treatments with vasoconstrictors, SO2 derivatives, and various drugs as pharmacological interventions. In endothelium-intact aortic rings constricted by 1 μM phenylephrine (PE), SO2 derivatives (0.5 – 8 mM) caused a dose-dependent relaxation. Endothelium removal and a NOS inhibitor L-NAME reduced the relaxation to low doses of SO2 derivatives, but not that to relatively high doses (≥ 2 mM). In endothelium-denuded rings, SO2 derivatives attenuat ed vasoconstriction induced by high K+ (60 mM) or CaCl2 (0.01-10 mM). The relaxation to SO2 derivatives in PE-constricted rings without endothelium was significantly inhibited by blockers of ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) and Ca2+-activated K+ (KCa) channels, but not by those of voltage-dependent K+ channels, Na+-K+-ATPase or Na+-Ca2+ exchanger. SO2 relaxed vessel tone via endothelium-dependent mechanisms associated with NOS activation, and via endothelium-independent mechanisms dependent on the inhibition of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, and the opening of KATP and KCa channels., Y.-K- Wang., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Sulodexid je látka patřící do skupiny glykosaminoglykanů (spolu s hepariny). Ve srovnání s jinými glykosaminoglykany má sulodexid větší antitrombotické vlastnosti při současně nižším riziku krvácení a na rozdíl od heparinů je možné jeho podávání jak parenterálně, tak perorálně. Preparát má prokázány mnohočetné farmakodynamické účinky. Klinickými studiemi je dobře doložena efektivita preparátu u pacientů s klaudikacemi. Evidence účinku je také u nemocných s nejtěžšími případy chronické žilní nedostatečnosti, včetně pacientů s aktivními bércovými vředy. V případě pozitivního výsledku probíhajících studií bude možné jako další indikaci přidat sekundární prevenci žilní trombózy., Sulodexide is a compound belonging to the group of glycosaminoglycans (together with heparins). In comparison with other glycosaminoglycans, sulodexide has stronger antithrombotic properties and a lower risk of bleeding, and unlike heparin, it can be administered both parenterally and orally. Multiple pharmacodynamic effects of the preparation have been demonstrated. Clinical studies have documented the effectiveness of the drug in patients with claudication. There is evidence of its effect also in patients with the most severe cases of chronic venous insufficiency, including patients with active leg ulcers. In the case of a positive outcome of the ongoing studies, secondary prevention of venous thrombosis will be added as another indication., and Roztočil K.
Diabetes mellitus is associated with many complications including retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and angiopathy. Increased cardiovascular risk is accompanied with diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction. Pharmacological agents with endothelium-protective effects may decrease cardiovascular complications. In present study sulodexide (glycosaminoglycans composed from heparin-like and dermatan fractions) was chosen to evaluate its protective properties on endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. Effect of sulodexide treatment (SLX, 100 UI/kg/day, i.p.) in 5 and 10 weeks lasting streptozotocin-induced diabetes (30 mg/kg/day, i.p. administered for three consecutive days) was investigated. Animals were divided into four groups: control (injected with saline solution), control-treated with sulodexide (SLX), diabetic (DM) and diabetic-treated with sulodexide (DM+SLX). The pre-prandial and postprandial plasma glucose levels, number of circulating endothelial cells (EC) and acetylcholine-induced relaxation of isolated aorta and mesenteric artery were evaluated. Streptozotocin elicited hyperglycemia irrespective of SLX treatment. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes enhanced the number of circulating endothelial cells compared to controls. SLX treatment decreased the number of EC in 10-week diabetes. Acetylcholine-induced relaxation of mesenteric arteries was significantly impaired in 5 and 10-week diabetes. SLX administration improved relaxation to acetylcholine in 5 and 10-week diabetes. Diabetes impaired acetylcholine-induced relaxation of rat aorta irrespective of SLX treatment. Our results demonstrate that SLX treatment lowers the number of circulating endothelial cells and improves endothelium-dependent relaxation in small arteries. These findings suggest endothelium-protective effect of sulodexide in streptozotocin-induced diabetes., V. Kristová, S. Líšková, R. Sotníková, R. Vojtko, A. Kurtanský., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Harem was a part of all rich houses, but the Sultan´s Harem was always attracted the biggest attention. It was a residence, which was inhabited by family, mainly by women with small children, daughters and slave girls. The Ottoman Sultan´s Harem, where mostly several hundreds of girl slaves were situated, was ruled by the Sultan´s mother – valide sultan. Sultans were not in a personal contact with all girls. Only between ten and twenty women were in their immediate vicinity. They were represented by wives – kadin, felicities – ikbal, favourites – gözde and maidservants. The Sultan´s Harem was an institution, which had a strict protocol and the given function hierarchy., Kateřina Vytejčková., and Obsahuje poznámky a seznam literatury