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26822. The Law of Christ (Lex Christi) and the Law of God (Lex Dei) - Jan Hus’s Concept of Reform
- Creator:
- Dekarli, Martin and David, Zdeněk V.
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
26823. The level of faunation of rumen in relation to some factors of nitrogen metabolism
- Creator:
- Feješ, J. and Várady, J.
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- defaunation, rumen, pH, NH3, urea, nitrogen, and lambs
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Our experiments on metabolic processes in the rumen were performed on sixteen 5-month-old lambs divided into 4 groups (defaunated - D, totally refaunated - T, partially refaunated - P and intact - 1). The absence or presence of protozoa in the rumen did not significantly affect the pH values. The greatest differences in NH3 concentration in the rumen before feeding were found between the T and D group (P<0.05). The animals of the T and I groups had higher NH3 concentrations than the D and P groups 1-5 hours after feeding (P<0.05 to PcO.OOl). Blood urea concentrations before and after feeding were significantly higher in the group I compared to the other groups (P<0.05 to PcO.OOl). Significant differences in the total nitrogen in rumen fluid were only found between groups D and I. The values of protozoan nitrogen in the rumen and their mutual relationship among the groups could be expressed by the following ratios: I>T>P>D. Proportions of the values of bacterial nitrogen followed in this order: D>P>T>I. The animals in group D had a significantly higher level of residual nitrogen than those in the other groups (P<0.05).
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
26824. The Libechov minipig as a large animal model for preclinical research in Huntington’s disease – thoughts and perspectives
- Creator:
- Schramke, S., Schubert, R., Frank, F., Wirsig, M., Fels, M., Kemper, N., Schuldenzucker, V., and Reilmann, R.
- Format:
- print, text, and regular print
- Type:
- model:article, article, Text, práce podpořená grantem, and TEXT
- Subject:
- zvířata, zvířata geneticky modifikovaná, prasata, prasata miniaturní, modely u zvířat, preklinické hodnocení léčiv, Huntingtonova nemoc, chov, bydlení zvířat, časové faktory, mozek--anatomie a histologie, velikost orgánu, experimenty na zvířatech, etika výzkumu, and sekvenční homologie
- Language:
- Czech and English
- Description:
- Large animal models to explore the safety and tolerability of novel therapeutic approaches for Huntington’s disease (HD) are in exploration to achieve higher translational reliability in future studies. Recently, a Libechov minipig has been established as one new transgenic (Tg) large animal model for HD. We here discuss the advantages and limitations in using this model in HD with regards to breeding, housing, handling, and with respect to homology to humans and ethical considerations. A group of TgHD and wild type (WT) female minipigs (n = 36) was used to gain first evidence about abovementioned aspects. It is concluded that Libechov minipigs may fulfill an important role to bridge the gap between rodents and non‑human primates in the translation to humans. and S. Schramke, R. Schubert, F. Frank, M. Wirsig, M. Fels, N. Kemper, V. Schuldenzucker, R. Reilmann
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
26825. The link between food and reproduction in aphidophagous predators: a case study with Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
- Creator:
- Evans, Edward E. and Gunther, Derrick I.
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Coccinellidae, Aphidophagous, diet, oviposition, predation, prey quality, and reproductive strategy
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- For polyphagous predators, the link between food consumption and reproduction is not always straightforward, and instead may reflect that even predators with very broad diets may have reproductive tactics that are tied to consumption of a restricted range of prey. We studied the consumption and use of two prey species for reproduction by the ladybird, Harmonia axyridis Pallas. This polyphagous predator feeds on both pea aphids [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)] and larvae of the alfalfa weevil [Hypera postica (Gyllenhal)] that it encounters when foraging in alfalfa fields. When provided a diet of pea aphids or of alfalfa weevils and/or sugar water, females of H. axyridis laid eggs in large numbers only on the diet of aphids. Females laid no eggs on diets of weevils or sugar alone, and laid only small numbers of eggs when the two foods were provided together. When placed on a diet of aphids, females began laying eggs earlier, and laid more eggs altogether, when they had previously fed on weevils versus sugar water. The predators' consumption rates of aphids were greater than their consumption rates of weevils, and they produced less frass per mg of prey consumed on an aphid versus weevil diet. The predators searched more actively when maintained on a weevil versus aphid diet. Hence, lower rates of food intake and assimilation, and greater allocation of nutrients and energy to searching, appear to contribute to the reduced egg production of H. axyridis females that feed on weevils versus aphids. Alfalfa weevils are also less suitable prey than pea aphids for larval survival and development of H. axyridis. Thus, the differing responses of H. axyridis adults to these two prey types may reflect that these predators are well adapted in the linking of their feeding and reproductive behavior.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
26826. The lipid peroxidation in various parts of the rat brain: effect of age, hypoxia and hyperoxia
- Creator:
- Koudelová, J. and Mourek, J.
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- lipid peroxidation, rat brain, postnatal development, brain hypoxia, and brain hyperoxia
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The effect of normobaric oxygen atmosphere on hypoxia-enhanced lipid peroxidation in the brain cortex, subcortical structures, medulla oblongata and in the cerebellum was observed in 7- and 21-day-old and adult rats. The production of free oxygen radicals causing lipid peroxidation was assessed by the method described by Ohkawa et al. (1979). The rats were exposed for 30 min to 100 % oxygen atmosphere which significantly stimulated the production of malondialdehyde (MDA) in all the studied regions of the brain in 7- and 21-day-old male rats, and in the brain cortex and subcortical structures of adult males. Higher levels of MDA were found in the brain cortex of 7-day-old female rats only. Reoxygenation with pure oxygen after 30 min hypobaric hypoxia corresponding to 9000 m increased MDA production in all studied parts of the brain on both male and female rats 7- and 21-day-old. In adult rats significantly increased MDA production was only found in the brain cortex of male and female rats and in the subcortical structures of males. The exposition to hypobaric hypoxia followed by reoxygenation by atmospheric air enhanced MDA production in all studied regions of the brain in 7-day-old males and in the cerebellum of females; in 21-day-old rats of both sexes a significant increase of MDA was detected in all parts of the brain. In adult rats were found higher MDA levels in the cerebral cortex of both males and females.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
26827. The localisation of TPPS4 in some organs and its possible nephrotoxicity in rats
- Creator:
- Zima, T., Jirka, M., Jirsa jr., M., Bradová, V., Stejskal, J., Žabka, J., Povýšil, C., and Janebová, M.
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- nephrotoxicity, NAG, organ localisation, meso-tetra-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-porphine (TPPS4), renal function, and photodynamic therapy
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is now being used more frequently in carefully selected cases of malignancies. The drugs used for PDT are mostly derivatives of haematoporphyrine (HPD) and its active component photofrine II. Another compound prepared by total synthesis is meso-tetra-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-porphine (TPPS4) but its application in human medicine was rejected because of its neurotoxicity. Our TPPS4 was prepared by the method of Busby et al. in the modification of Jirsa and Kakaë (1987). This product is purer and without neurotoxic effects. In this study, we concentrated our attention on the effect of TPPS4 on nephrotoxicity and its accumulation in some organs. As the parameters of toxic kidney damage we used urine levels of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), serum creatinine levels, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and proteinuria. TPPS4 was administered i.v. in a dose of 25 mg/kg b.w. The animals were observed for 21 days after drug application. Urine and blood samples were collected over 24-hour periods on days 0, 5 and 21. The serum creatinine level was significantly higher only on day 5 (65.0±1.46 /zmol/1 vs 56.5±2.69 ^mol/1 on day 0, p<0.05). There were no significant changes in GFR, proteinuria or NAG activity in the urine during the experiment. AST serum activity was increased. We determined the concentration of TPPS4 (pmol/mg w.w.) in rat organs on the 21st day after the injection. The concentration of TPPS4 was high in kidneys (30.8 ±5.5), liver (13.5 ±2.0), lungs (11.7 ±4.6) and spleen (9.7 ±1.5), while the concentration in heart and brain was low. We conclude that TPPS4 has the highest concentration in the kidney 21 days after its administration and does not exert any nephrotoxic effects during this period.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
26828. The lock-and-key mechanisms of the internal genitalia of the Noctuidae (Lepidoptera): How are they selected for?
- Creator:
- Mikkola, Kauri
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Apamea, functional anatomy, species-specific, male vesica, female bursa, monandry, polyandry, evolution, genetic drift, sexual selection, zoogeography, and Holarctic sister species
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- In the Noctuidae, the owlet moths, the internal genitalia, i.e. the aedeagus and vesica (penis) in the males, and the bursa copulatrix in the females, together form a lock-and-key mechanism (LKM). The species-specific structures have their counterparts in the opposite sex. The internal LKM constitutes a specific reproductive isolation mechanism (lock-and-key hypothesis), which seem to be the rule in the ditrysian Lepidoptera, and also occurs in the Carabidae (Coleoptera) and some other insects. In contrast, the external genitalia rarely have species-specific counterparts in the sexes. Several results indicate the presence of LKMs: In the Noctuidae, (1) heterospecific differences in the male vesica may prevent sperm transfer or lead to mechanical failure during copulation, (2) the more complicated the specific genitalia structures, the more aberrations may occur even in conspecific copulations, and (3) in many species pairs and groups, and in one large genus, Apamea, the structures in the opposite sexes show a strictly specific correspondence, but, (4) when there is precopulatory isolation due to differences in pheromone production or perception, the internal genitalia may be identical. Conversely, in the Colias butterflies (Pieridae), (5) frequent heterospecific hybridization is associated with the similarity of the internal genitalia. The LKMs seem to protect genomes against alien genes, supposedly selected for because of the lower fitness of specimens with an imprecise LKM and/or inferiority of hybrids. In the literature, the diversity of the noctuid genitalia has been ascribed to sexual selection, because the females were classified as polyandrous. Most species produce the main part of their eggs monandrously, and remate, if at all, in their old age, and are thus successively monandrous and polyandrous. The allopatric divergence in the structure of the internal genitalia of 39 Holarctic pairs of sister species of Noctuidae is suggested to be due to genetic drift. The insecure function of the female pheromones and external genitalia of males are illustrated with the aid of original photographs.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
26829. The long-awaited first instar larva of Paussus favieri (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Paussini)
- Creator:
- Di Giulio, Andrea, Maurizi, Emanuela, Hlaváč, Peter, and Moore, Wendy
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Carabidae, Paussini, flanged bombardier beetles, Paussus favieri, first instar larva, taxonomy, functional morphology, myrmecophily, Formicidae, and Pheidole pallidula
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Paussus favieri Fairmaire is one of only two species of the myrmecophilous carabid tribe Paussini known from Europe. Larvae are known from only 10 of the 580 paussine species. As in many beetles with considerably modified later instar larvae, the first instars represent a valuable source of informative characters for taxonomy and phylogenetic analyses (primary chaetotaxy, eggbursters, etc.). Therefore, the discovery of the first instar larva of P. favieri is particularly important, as it represents only the second species for which this larval stage is known. In this paper we describe the behavior and morphology of the larval first instar of P. favieri (subtribe Paussina of Paussini) and compare it with that of Arthropterus sp. (subtribe Cerapterina), which is the only other 1st instar described in the Paussini. Most surprisingly, we found that the 1st instar of P. favieri lacks a prostheca, which was previously thought to be a synapomorphy of Paussina + Platyrhopalina. Rather, P. favieri has a unique mandibular structure that seems to be functionally analogous to the protheca. It is a long, broadly lanceolate, distinctly flattened structure apparently homologous to the medial mandibular seta (MN2*), which arises from an area behind the cutting edge of mandible. We predict that the function of the protheca and this similar structure in P. favieri are involved in a specialized feeding strategy that may include soliciting trophallaxis from their host ants. We also report some observations of the first instar hatching from the egg, feeding on liquid and a behaviour we interpret as a “calling behavior,” all of which were videotaped and posted on the Tree of Life Web Project.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
26830. The Long-term Development of Socio-spatial Differentiation in Socialist and Post-socialist Prague
- Creator:
- Špačková, Petra, Pospíšilová, Lucie, and Ouředníček, Martin
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- socio-spatial differentiation, socialist and post-socialist city, population census, spatial variability, and Prague
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- The article examines how different social and urban processes were reflected in the spatial patterns of three dimensions of population structure (demographic, socio-economic, and ethnic statuses) in Prague during the socialist and post-socialist periods. The article has three main objectives. First, it analyses inertia and change in socio-spatial patterns and evaluates the processes that have influenced them. Second, it investigates how the importance of all three statuses in the spatial differentiation of urban space has evolved. Third, the article focuses on the level of geographical variability as recorded within different spatial scales, and the development of this variability. It examines selected indicators of socio-economic, demographic, and ethnic statuses by employing detailed statistical data on the level of basic settlement units from the Population Censuses held in 1970, 1991, and 2011. The results confirm that the most significant changes in socio-spatial patterns between socialism and post-socialism can be observed for ethnic spatial differentiation. In addition, the city witnessed considerable changes in demographic spatial patterns in both periods, while socio-economic spatial patterns have remained relatively stable. New socio-spatial processes driven predominantly by movements of young and better-off populations have taken place in previously less attractive neighbourhoods. As a result, very different populations often live side-by-side in contemporary Prague.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public