Napriek tomu, že odpustenie sebe sa ukazuje ako významnejšie súvisiace s fyzickým zdravím jednotlivca, ako aj celkovým well-beingom v porovnaní s odpustením druhému, a dôsledky neodpustenia sebe môžu byť extrémne, odpusteniu sebe je venovaná neporovnateľne menšia teoretická a výskumná pozornosť oproti interpersonálnemu odpustenia.
Cieľom štúdie je kritický prehľad súčasných teoretických a empirických štúdií v tejto oblasti. Štúdia sa zameriava na vymedzenie odpustenia sebe, s ohľadom na jeho hlavné aspekty ako je ľútosť za vykonaný čin, prijatie zodpovednosti a zmena správania do budúcnosti. Štúdia definuje podobnosti a rozdiely odpustenia sebe s interpersonálnym odpustením. Je zdôraznené, že odpustenie sebe je proces vyžadujúci čas a popísané sú jednotlivé kroky procesu odpustenia. Diskutované sú intervenčné štúdie odpustenia sebe, so zameraním na ich výsledky a metodologické nedostatky. V závere je predstavený kritický postoj voči odpusteniu sebe a argumentácia proti jednotlivým kritickým názorom. Načrtnutý je ďalší smer výskumu v oblasti odpustenia sebe. and Despite the evidence that self-forgiveness is more strongly associated with physical health and well-being compared to interpersonal forgiveness, and that the results of self-blaming may be extreme, self-forgiveness has received considerately less attention in theory and research, compared to interpersonal forgiveness. The aim of this study is a critical overview of the current theoretical and empirical studies in this area. The paper focuses on a definition of selfforgiveness with an emphasis of its important aspects such as remorse, responsibility taking, and conciliatory behaviour. The study defines similarities and differences of self-forgiveness and interpersonal forgiveness. It is stressed that self-forgiveness is a process which takes time and the steps of self-forgiveness are described. The intervention studies of self-forgiveness are discussed, with an emphasis on their results and methodological limitations. Finally, a critical attitude toward self-forgiveness and argumentation against these critical views are presented. Future direction of research in self-forgiveness is outlined.
The global environment is faced with growing threats from anthropogenic disturbance, propelling the Earth into a 6th mass extinction. For the world's mammals, this is reflected in the fact that 25% of species are threatened with some risk of extinction. During this time of species loss and environmental alteration, the world's natural history museums (NHMs) are uniquely poised to provide novel insight into many aspects of conservation. This review seeks to provide evidence of the importance of NHMs to mammal conservation, how arguments against continued collecting of physical voucher specimens is counterproductive to these efforts, and to identify additional threats to collecting with a particular focus on small mammals across Africa. NHMs contribute unique data for assessing mammal species conservation status through the International Union for Conservation of Nature's (IUCN) Red List of Threatened species. However, NHMs' contributions to mammal conservation go well beyond supporting the IUCN Red List, with studies addressing topics such as human impacts, climate change, genetic diversity, disease, physiology, and biodiversity education. Increasing and diverse challenges, both domestic and international, highlight the growing threats facing NHMs, especially in regards to the issue of lethally sampling individuals for the purpose of creating voucher specimens. Such arguments are counterproductive to conservation efforts and tend to reflect the moral opposition of individual researchers than a true threat to conservation. The need for continued collecting of holistic specimens of all taxa across space and time could not be more urgent, especially for underexplored biodiversity hotspots facing extreme threats such as the Afrotropics.
Horse chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella) has achieved ecological success by colonizing the entire European range of its primary host, horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum). This insect has attracted the attention of scientists, but its ecology is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of varying degrees of light availability on the leaf morphology of horse chestnut saplings and the performance of C. ohridella. A pot experiment under greenhouse conditions was performed in which the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was reduced from full light by 50% (high light - HL) or 80% (low light - LL). Insect performance parameters were quantified (i.e., pupal mass, efficiency of conversion of utilised leaf tissue (ECU) and potential fecundity). Compared with HL leaflets those from LL were characterised by higher contents of nitrogen and water but lower total phenolics. The oxidative capacity of phenolics (at pH ≈ 10, common in the lepidopteran gut) was low and did not differ in the two treatments. Compared with those collected from HL leaves, the mines of those collected from leaves of plants grown under LL conditions were larger in area but the leaf mass utilized by larvae was similar. Pupae were heavier in LL than in HL conditions, and ECU was higher in LL. The potential fecundity of females was not sensitive for experimental treatment. We conclude that (1) reduced light had a strong beneficial effect on the performance of C. ohridella and (2) phenolics in A. hippocastanum leaf tissues are a poor defence against this herbivore.
The birth of a child and transition into home ownership are markers of progression along a life course. Research shows that pathways to home ownership have become more diverse and deviate from the traditional pathway which was characterised by marriage followed by the birth of a child before entering home ownership. This study investigates the timing and order of the two interrelated events of birth of a child and the transition to home ownership in Australia. Using the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia panel survey, we apply a multi-process event history analysis for describing the timing of each event following the formation of a cohabiting relationship. The results suggest that the likelihood of birth increases with prior home ownership attainment but as time passes following the purchase of a home, the likelihood of birth decreases, similarly, the likelihood of home ownership attainment decreased with time following birth.
Kvalitu a efektivitu organizácie určuje nielen manažment, organizačná štruktúra či kultúra, ale aj jej zamestnanci a aktivity, ktoré determinujú ich vzťah k danej organizácii. Správanie zamestnancov nezahŕňa len formálne určené aktivity, ale najmä aktivity, ktoré sú na báze dobrovoľnosti. Daná dobrovoľnosť sa prejavuje predovšetkým v rámci organizačného občianskeho správania (z angl. organizational citizenship behavior, ďalej len OCB). Mieru OCB určujú viaceré organizačné faktory, medzi ktoré patrí aj organizačná spravodlivosť. Cieľom predkladaného príspevku bolo objasniť charakter vzťahu medzi organizačným občianskym správaním, organizačnou spravodlivosťou a vybranými socio-demografickými ukazovateľmi. Zámer sa tiež sústredil na poznanie miery organizačného občianskeho správania, ktoré respondenti vykazujú a tiež, v akej miere vnímajú jednotlivé dimenzie organizačnej spravodlivosti. Pre naplnenie spomenutého cieľa sa 210 respondentov s priemerným vekom 34,82 rokov (SD = 10,97) vyjadrilo k otázkam, ktoré zaznamenávali mieru organizačného občianskeho správania pomocou dotazníka Organizational Citizenship Behavior Checklist (OCB-C) a mieru organizačnej spravodlivosti prostredníctvom škály Organizational Justice Scale. Výsledky ukázali, že v priemere respondenti vykazovali nižšiu mieru OCB (M = 2,28; SD = 0,67) a v rámci organizačnej spravodlivosti v najvyššej miere vnímali interpersonálnu spravodlivosť (M = 3,78; SD = 1,05). Analýza charakteru vzťahov medzi vybranými premennými ukázala, že dimenzie organizačnej spravodlivosti, odpracované roky v organizácii a rod boli prediktormi OCB, resp. OCB-O a OCB-I. Konkrétne výsledky sú súčasťou príspevku., The quality and efficiency of an organization are determined not even by the management, organizational structure or the company culture, but also employees and their behavior which determine the relationship to the organization. Employees´ behavior does not only include formally defined activities, but especially activities that are voluntary. These activities are manifested primarily in an organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). The OCB is determined by a number of organizational factors, including organizational justice. The aim of this contribution was to analyze the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior, organizational justice and selected socio-demographic variables. The research also focused on the frequency of OCB and the level of organizational justice perception. 210 respondents in total with the average age of 34.82 years (SD = 10.97) answered the questions measuring OCB by Organizational Citizenship Behavior Checklist (OCB-C) and organizational justice by Organizational Justice Scale. The results showed that respondents had a lower level of OCB (M = 2.28; SD = .67), and they perceive interpersonal justice the most (M = 3.78; SD = 1.05) within organizational justice. An analysis of the nature of the relation between selected variables showed that dimensions of organizational justice, years of practice and gender were predictors of OCB, OCB-O or/and OCB-I, respectively. Specific results are part of the contribution., Denisa Rovenská., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Mnohé se ví o negativních dopadech závislostí na kvalitu života – ať jde o dopady ve fyzické či psychosociální rovině. Na pozadí se však mohou odehrávat důležité transformativní změny osobnosti, kterým by měla být věnována stejně tak významná část pozornosti. Tato přehledová studie nabízí souhrn dosavadních poznatků, které se zaměřují na aspekty osobnostního rozvoje následujícího po období aktivního užívání a závislosti na návykových látkách. Popisuje a integruje výsledky z devíti empirických studií – jediných, které v kontextu adiktologie zmiňují osobnostní rozvoj a splňují kritéria výběru. Tyto studie jsou dále diskutovány, je poukazováno jak na nejednotné přístupy ve volbě výchozích teoretických konceptů a jejich výzkumných designů, tak na různorodost výzkumných souborů, například co do typu omamné látky, na které u respondenta vznikla závislost, tak co do množství prodělaných recidiv a léčeb či způsobu léčby. Z přehledu citovaných studií vyplývá, že význam zotavování ze závislosti jde mnohem dále, než je pouhá abstinence. Na případné profitování ze závislosti výzkumníci v současné době nahlížejí z různých výchozích pozic, shodují se však v mnohých závěrech, jako je například důležitost sociální opory, vnímání procesu zotavení jako příležitosti k novému životu či zesílení pociťovaného smyslu života. Studie upozorňuje na důležitou a doposud málo prozkoumanou oblast práce s adiktologickou klientelou, která v praxi může přispět ke stabilitě v procesu zotavování ze závislosti, zvýšení kvality života a k osobnostnímu rozvoji. and There is a lot known about how drug use and addiction affect a person´s life – with both negative physical and psychosocial outcomes. When coping with adverse events some positive transformative changes can be shown and that should be the matter of our interest as well. This review aims to gather, describe and integrate the results of nine empirical studies focused on personal growth associated with recovery from addiction. We had found diverse theoretical approaches as well as different methodology and survey sample characteristics within studies, such as the difference in groups of substances abused by respondents, number of their relapses and treatments as well as the treatment programs they went through. Review findings show that recovery goes beyond abstinence. The studies agree on the importance of social support, perceiving recovery as an ongoing process of growth and an opportunity to start a new life or find meaning in life even though the perspectives of the researchers vary. The article points out the research gap in addiction treatment, which may encourage the clients to profit from their addict´s experiences, use them to support the recovery process, and boost their quality of life and personal growth.
We surveyed ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in 10 stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), all monoculture stands 5–100 years old, in western Slovakia, Central Europe, over two successive periods, October 2013 – March 2014 and October 2014 – March 2015. The winter in each period was exceptionally mild. Ladybirds were collected from the lower branches of pine trees using beating trays and were present in 61% of the 1040 samples (one sample containing ladybirds from 20 branches, 1 m long each). In total 3965 individuals of 20 species were recorded. Non-conifer dwelling species associated with broadleaved trees or herbaceous plants prevailed (45% of species), followed by conifer specialists (40%) and generalists (15%). Although 13 species were found at least in one winter month, December, January or February, only four of them, Exochomus quadripustulatus, Coccinella septempunctata, Harmonia axyridis and Hippodamia variegata, were recorded continually during both winters. The number of species, the abundance of all ladybirds and the abundance of dominant species (E. quadripustulatus, C. septempunctata and H. axyridis) decreased from late autumn towards winter and remained lowest during this most adverse time of the year for ladybirds. Overwintering species assemblages of ladybirds changed over time and varied with age of pine stand. Our results suggest that Scots pine in Central Europe supports species rich assemblages of ladybirds from late autumn to early spring and, being widely distributed, it could be suited to winter surveying of ladybirds at large spatial scales to reveal behavioural and ecological responses of species to changing weather or different climates.
The cucumber moth, Diaphania indica (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a major pest of cucurbitaceous plants. The oviposition preference and olfactory response of larvae, mated and unmated male and female adults to volatiles emanating from uninfested and infested plants of four species of cucurbitaceous host plants and odours of conspecifics were recorded. Also the role of experience in the host finding behaviour of D. indica was evaluated. The experiments were done using a wind tunnel, olfactometer attraction assays and oviposition bioassays. The results reveal that fewer eggs were laid on infested plants than on uninfested plants. Females significantly preferred cucumber over squash, melon and watermelon. Cucurbitaceous plants elicited adults of D. indica to fly upwind followed by landing on the plants. The effect of experience on the olfactory preference of D. indica was dependent on the host plant. Females that had experience of cucumber, squash and melon plants were significantly attracted to the same plant, but not in the case of watermelon. Larvae of this pest were attracted only to volatiles of uninfested cucumber, squash and melon, whereas volatiles of conspecifics, infested plants and intact watermelon did not attract larvae. This study is an initial attempt to investigate the role of volatile infochemicals in the host-finding behaviour of D. indica. These results provide baseline information for the development of new control strategies against D. indica.