Apart from a brief overview of GIS analyses used in botany and an explanation of the differences between two basic data models (vector or grid), the current paper also offers three case studies which used GIS to plan sampling design, explain causes of species composition and model phenological map. and Dana Michalcová, Ondřej Hájek.
a1_To determine how the use of a given rootstock can influence the functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus of the scion under salt stress, the growth, gas exchange, photosystem II (PSII) efficiency, xanthophyll cycle, and chloroplast ultrastructure of nongrafted,
self-grafted, and pumpkin-grafted (hereafter referred to as rootstock-grafted) cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants were investigated at day 15 after being treated with 90 mM NaCl. The reductions in plant growth of the rootstock-grafted plants were lower than those of the nongrafted and self-grafted plants under 90 mM NaCl. The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, maximal and effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, photochemical quenching coefficient, and effective quantum-use efficiency of PSII in the light-adapted state of the nongrafted and self-grafted plants were significantly decreased under 90 mM NaCl. However, these reductions were alleviated when the cucumber plants were grafted onto the pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) rootstock. The intercellular CO2 concentrations were significantly increased in the nongrafted and self-grafted plants under 90 mM NaCl, whereas it was decreased in the rootstock-grafted plants. Nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) and the deepoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle were significantly increased under 90 mM NaCl, particularly in the rootstockgrafted plants, suggesting the rootstock-grafted plants had higher potential to dissipate excess excitation energy and reduce the probability of photodamage to PSII. Under 90 mM NaCl, the number of grana was reduced, the thylakoids were swollen, and starch granules accumulated in all plants. However, the damage of chloroplast ultrastructure was alleviated in the rootstock-grafted plants., a2_Taken together, the use of C. moschata rootstock alleviated salt stress in cucumber plants by delaying photoinhibition, probably due to a lower incidence of both stomatal and nonstomatal factors limiting photosynthesis., Z. X. Liu ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seeds were surface-sterilized and soaked for 5, 10, or 15 h in 1, 10, or 100 μM aqueous solution of kinetin (KIN). The potted plants were then analyzed at 30, 50, and 70 days after emergence (DAE) for dry mass (DM), leaf area (LA), chlorophyll (Chl) content, stomatal conductance (g s), carbonic anhydrase (CA), and nitrate reductase (NR) activity, total protein content, and net photosynthetic rate (PN). Capsule number and seed yield were determined at harvest (90 DAE). Treatment with the growth regulator was found to appreciably enhance all the determinants, with most prominent results being obtained following 10-h soaking with 10 μM KIN, in which case the values for DM, LA,
PN, CA and NR activity, and seed yield were elevated by 55, 63, 43, 38, 29, and 23% respectively over the control at the 50-day stage. and S. H. Shah.
To determine the effects of rootstock choice on the scion response to drought stress, we compared the vegetative growth, biomass accumulation, gas exchange, and water-use efficiency (WUE) of ‘Gale Gala’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees grafted onto nine wild Chinese Malus rootstocks. Compared with the well-watered control, drought treatment limited growth, as manifested by smaller increments in plant height (PH), trunk diameter (TD), total fresh biomass (TB), total dry biomass (TDB), total leaf area (LA), and relative growth rate (RGR). The extent of this effect differed among rootstocks. Stress conditions led to increases in the root/shoot ratio (RSR), leaf thickness (LT), water-holding capacity (WHC), carbon isotope composition (δ13C), and WUE. Decreases were noted in stomatal density (SD), leaf relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content (Chl), net photosynthetic rate (PN), transpiration rate (E), and stomatal conductance (gs), again varying by rootstock. Those that are generally considered more drought-tolerant, e.g., M. sieversii, M. prunifolia, and M. toringoides, had smaller declines in PH, TD, TB, TDB, LA, RGR, SD, RWC, Chl, PN, E, and gs and proportionally greater increases in RSR, LT, WHC, δ13C, and WUE compared with the droughtsensitive M. hupehensis and
M. sieboldii. These results suggest that moisture stress has a significant dwarfing effect in the latter two species. Based on WUE calculations, trees on drought-tolerant rootstocks showed higher tolerance when stressed, whereas those on drought-sensitive rootstocks were less tolerant, as indicated by their lower WUE values., B. H. Liu ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The generation of superoxide anion radical (O2.-) in the cytochrome b6f complex (Cyt b6f) of spinach under high-light illumination was studied using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The generation of O2.- was lost in the absence of molecular oxygen. It was also suppressed in the presence of NaN3 and could be scavenged by extraneous antioxidants such as ascorbate, β-carotene, and glutathione. The results also indicate that O2.-, which is produced under high-light illumination of the Cyt b6f from spinach, might be generated from a reaction involing 1O2, and the Rieske Fe-S protein could serve as the electron donor in the O2.- production. The mechanism of photoprotection of the Cyt b6f complex by antioxidants is discussed. and M. Sang ... [et al.].
This study evaluated the photosynthetic responses of Cucumis sativus leaves acclimated to illumination from three-band white fluorescent lamps with a high red:far-red (R:FR) ratio (R:FR = 10.5) and the photosynthetic responses of leaves acclimated to metal-halide lamps that provided a spectrum similar to that of natural light (R:FR = 1.2) at acclimation photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 100 to 700 μmol m-2 s-1. The maximum gross photosynthetic rate (PG) of the fluorescent-acclimated leaves was approximately 1.4 times that of the metal-halide-acclimated leaves at all acclimation PPFDs. The ratio of quantum efficiency of photosystem II (ΦPSII) of the fluorescent-acclimated leaves to that of the metal-halide-acclimated leaves tended to increase with increasing acclimation PPFD, whereas the corresponding ratios for the leaf mass per unit area tended to decrease with increasing acclimation PPFD. These results suggest that the greater maximum PG of the fluorescent-acclimated leaves resulted from an interaction between the acclimation light quality and quantity, which was mainly caused by the greater leaf biomass for photosynthesis per area at low acclimation PPFDs and by the higher ΦPSII as a result of changes in characteristics and distribution of chloroplasts, or a combination of these factors at high acclimation PPFDs., T. Shibuya .... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Jezerní sedimenty jsou ideálním přírodním archivem, který zachycuje minulé změny nejen samotného jezera, ale i okolního prostředí. Jsou zároveň jedinečné tím, že se v nich zachovávají zbytky těl různých organismů, z čehož lze zrekonstruovat druhové složení celého jezerního ekosystému. Zjištěné druhy nám také poskytují informace o životním prostředí v minulosti. Díky postupnému usazování jezerního sedimentu v průběhu holocénu tak můžeme zaznamenat nejen dlouhodobý vývoj rostlinných společenstev, ale i přírodních podmínek v horizontu tisíců let. V jezeře Šúr se během pozdního glaciálu vyskytovaly vodní rostliny rdesty, stolístky a parožnatky. Od časného holocénu se začaly objevovat na živiny a teplo náročnější druhy, jako např. šejdračka bahenní či růžkatce a během středního holocénu v jezeře expandovala kotvice plovoucí a lekníny. Na konci středního holocénu a během pozdního holocénu postupně došlo k zaplnění jezera organickým materiálem a vzniku ostřicové slatiny a posléze olšového lesa., Lake sediments are natural archives of past changes not only in the lake itself, but also in its surroundings. They preserve remains of numerous organisms, from which the species composition of the entire lake ecosystem can be reconstructed, providing information about the past environment. Thanks to gradual deposition of sediment in the lake Šúr (western Slovakia) during the Holocene period, both the long-term development of plant communities and the environmental conditions over thousands of years can be reconstructed. During the succession, aquatic communities were replaced by sedge fen and alder forest., and Anna Potůčková.
Hořce a hořečky patří dnes mezi vzácné a ohrožené druhy květeny České republiky. V prvním díle nového seriálu je uveden přehled všech hořečků zaznamenaných na našem území a podána stručná informace o jejich životní strategii, době květu a počtu doložených historických a stávajících lokalit. Pro veškeré snahy o záchranu populací středoevropských hořečků je důležitá podrobná znalost jejich životního cyklu. Ten je v současné době nejlépe prostudován a bohatě fotograficky ilustrován pro dvouleté na podzim kvetoucí hořečky., Gentiana and Gentianella species are rare and endangered species of flora in the Czech Republic. The list of all Gentianella species occurring in our country together with brief information about their life strategies, flowering time and the number of documented historical and current sites are published in the first part of this series. Detailed knowledge of the life cycle is crucial for species protection. Currently the most studied and extensively photographed life cycle is known for the biennial autumnal Gentianella species., and Jiří Brabec.
The second part of this series presents information on the ecology, historical and recent distribution of Gentianella praecox subsp. bohemica, a subendemic species of the Czech flora. The effects of different management treatments on the establishment, survival and seed production of this biennial gentian was assessed at several sites. Creation of gaps in surrounding vegetation through regular mowing together with disruption of turfs through harrowing have been identified as optimal management strategies. Detailed knowledge of the biology of short-lived gentians allows the identification of critical stages of their life cycle and prediction of population dynamics. and Jiří Brabec, Anna Lampei Bucharová.