Předmětem tohoto příspěvku je revize výsledků výzkumu Z. Váni v jižní části budečské akropole, kde autor vymezil palisádou hrazený mladohradištní dvorec, který se podle něj rozkládal v jižním a jihovýchodním sousedství staršího knížecího dvorce, jehož původní jižní část překryl. Mladohradištní dvorec byl interpretován jako hrazené sídlo hradského správce, které se po zániku staršího knížecího dvorce stalo vlastním centrem akropole (Váňa 1995). Existenci druhého hrazeného sídla na Budči však nelze na základě výpovědi terénní dokumentace potvrdit. and Defended residence of the hillfort administrator in Budeč? Comparison of the published results and the field documentation. The aim of this article is a revision of the reported results concerning the excavations directed by Z. Váňa in the southern part of the acropolis at Budeč. According to the director the excavations revealed a residence and defensive palisade dating to the younger hillfort period. This residence was apparently superimposed over the southern part of an earlier dukery residence. The residence from the younger hillfort period was interpreted as the defended residence of the hillfort administrator, which after the destruction of the earlier residence became the centre of the acropolis (Váňa 1995). However the existence of a second defended seat at Budeč cannot be confirmed on the basis of the field documentation.
In this study, we describe changes of plasma levels of the hypothalamic neuropeptide orexin A in obese children during the reduction of body weight and its relationship to other biochemical and anthropometrical parameters. We measured orexin A fasting plasma levels by the RIA method in 58 obese children - 33 girls and 25 boys; mean age 13.1±0.38 years (range 7-18.5) before and after 5 weeks of weight-reduction therapy. Leptin, IGF-1, and IGFBP-3 levels were measured in all the subjects and were compared to orexin A levels and anthropometrical data. Average weight in subjects before weight-reduction was 74.2±2.79 kg and after weight-loss 67.4±2.60 kg (p<0.0001). Orexin A levels before the therapy were 33.3±1.97 pg/ml and after the therapy 51.7±3.07 pg/ml (p<0.0001). Levels of orexin A were not significantly different between girls and boys (p=0.7842). We found negative correlation between orexin A and age (r = -0.5395; p<0.0001), body height (r = -0.4751; p=0.0002), body weight (r = -0.4030; p=0.0017) and BMI (r = -0.2607; p=0.0481). No correlation was found between orexin A and IGF-1, IGFBP-3 or leptin. Orexin A plasma levels increased during body weight loss, whereas the reverse was true for leptin levels. These findings support the hypothesis that orexin A may be involved in regulation of nutritional status in children., J. Bronský, J. Nedvídková, H. Zamrazilová, M. Pechová, M. Chada, K. Kotaška, J. Nevoral, R. Průša., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Dynamické hodnocení představuje alternativní diagnostický přístup zaměřený na odkrytí reálného potenciálu testované osoby, k němuž směřuje skrze orientaci na proces výkonu. Usiluje o smysluplné propojení s intervencí, které bezprostředně využívá diagnostická zjištění k podpoře rozvoje daného jedince.
Článek vychází z diplomové práce, jejíž stěžejní cíl spočíval ve vytvoření základního, avšak reprezentativního a komplexně pojatého souhrnu informací o tomto novém diagnostickém proudu, který u nás zatím zůstává nepříliš rozpracovanou oblastí. Následující text shrnuje základní charakteristiky dynamického přístupu a poukazuje na možnosti využití dynamického přístupu, zejména v oblasti předškolní diagnostiky a vzdělávání, a to prostřednictvím kvalitativně pojatého komparativního výzkumného šetření, zacíleného na ověření účinnosti metodiky předškolní přípravy. Daná metodika byla vytvořena na bázi dynamického přístupu a slouží jako prostředek prevence výchovných a vzdělávacích obtíží v prvních letech školní docházky.
Článek je informativním souhrnem průběhu výzkumného šetření, obsahuje rovněž výklad teoretického zázemí práce. and Dynamic assessment constitutes an alternative diagnostic approach, focused on revelation of the tested person's real potential, which is reached and observed via the emphasis on the process of the achievement. It aims at meaningful connection with the intervention that immediately makes use of diagnostic findings to support the development of an individual.
The article issues of the diploma thesis, whose goal was to create the basic, but representative and complex summary about this new diagnostic stream that remains not very developed area in the Czech Republic. The following text summarizes main characteristics of the dynamic approach and shows the possibilities of utilization of the dynamic approach, especially in the area of preschool diagnostic and education, namely through a qualitatively designed comparative research, aimed at the examination of the effect of the preschool adjustment, created on the basis of the dynamic approach. The method serves as an instrument of the prevention of educational and behavioural difficulties during the first years of the school attendance.
Article is an informative summary about the research, contents the interpretation of the theoretic basis of the work.
Cieľ štúdie. Analýza odstupňovania modifikovanej spätnej väzby v Dynamickom teste latentnej učebnej schopnosti pre 8 až 10 ročné deti (DTLUS 8-10). Súbor a postup výskumu. Výskumný súbor tvorili deti zo sociálne znevýhodňujúceho prostredia vo veku od 7 do 8 rokov a 6 mesiacov (N = 50), ktorým boli administrované jednotlivé stupne spätnej väzby izolovane. Hypotéza. Pri izolovanom poskytnutí jednotlivých rád z DTLUS 8-10, upravených na základe zásad poskytovania spätnej väzby v krátkodobých dynamických testoch, sa bude s vyšším stupňom jednotlivých rád zvyšovať aj počet správnych odpovedí. Štatistická analýza. Na zistenie rozdielov medzi jednotlivými radami z hľadiska počtu vyriešených a nevyriešených úloh bol zvolený chí-kvadrát test, v rámci ktorého boli pre každú úlohu porovnávané reálne frekvencie medzi odpoveďami pri jednotlivých dvojiciach rád. Výsledky. Preukázalo sa, že s vyšším stupňom spätnej väzby narastalo aj percento vyriešených úloh. Príspevok poskytuje overený návod na poskytovanie spätnej väzby v krátkodobých dynamických testoch. Obmedzenia štúdie. Výsledky sa vzťahujú len na 7 až 8 ročné deti zo sociálne znevýhodňujúceho prostredia., Goal of the study. Analysis of grading the modified feedback in Dynamic test of latent learning ability for 8 to 10 years old children (DTLUS 8-10). Sample and method. The research sample consisted of children from socially disadvantaged environment aging from 7 to 8 years and 6 months (N=50). The particular grades of feedback were administered to them separately. Hypothesis. In case of separate providing the particular sequences from DTLUS 8-10, adjusted on the basis of principles for providing the feedback in short-time dynamic tests, together with the higher grade of particular sequences the number of right answers will be also increasing. Statistical analysis. For assessing the differences between particular sequences in numbers of worked out and non-worked out tasks the chisquared test was selected. The real frequencies of answers in particular pairs of sequences were compared for every task. Results. It was proved that together with the higher grade of feedback the percentage of worked out tasks was increasing. The paper offers the verified instructions for providing feedback in short-time dynamic tests. Study limits. Results apply only to 7 to 8 years old children from socially disadvantaged environment., Vladimír Čema., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
To specify the role of individual cytokines in the immune response to pyrogens, isolated and cultivated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were used for the experiments. Different pyrogens (lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli - LPS and live Borrelia afzelii) were applied and the time course of changes in concentrations of different cytokines in the medium was followed using the ELISA method. It was found that nonstimulated human PBMC proliferate under in vitro conditions and produce IL-6, TNF-a, IL-10 and finally also IL-1b. Productions of IL-12 and INF-g are not changed. Proliferation of PBMC is potentiated after incubation with LPS or live Borrelia. PBMC stimulated by LPS increase the net production (stimulated minus unstimulated) of IL-1b and TNF-a significantly, while production of IL-6 was smaller. A delayed increase in the production of IL-10 was also observed. Productions of IL-12 and INF-g were not influenced. In contrast to LPS, stimulation of PBMC with live Borrelia, increases also the production of IL-12 and IFN-g, besides IL-1b, TNF-a, IL-6 and IL-10. Productions of IL-1b, IL-6 and TNFa increased immediately after incubation with both LPS and Borrelia, while productions of IL-12 and INF-g begin to increase 8 hours and production of IL-10 12 hours after stimulation. Data indicate that stimulation with different pyrogens may activate the cells of the immune cascade in a different way. Stimulation of BPMC by LPS seems to activate the initial steps of the immune response (macrophages and granulocytes) only, while infection with live Borrelia also stimulates the later phase of the immune response, probably due to effect of initially produced cytokines., L. Janský, P. Reymanová, J. Kopecký., and Obsahuje bibliografii
To specify the role of individual cytokines in the immune response to pyrogens, isolated and cultivated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were used for the experiments. Different pyrogens (lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli - LPS and live Borrelia afzelii) were applied and the time course of changes in concentrations of different cytokines in the medium was followed using the ELISA method. It was found that nonstimulated human PBMC proliferate under in vitro conditions and produce IL-6, TNF-a, IL-10 and finally also IL-1b. Productions of IL-12 and INF-g are not changed. Proliferation of PBMC is potentiated after incubation with LPS or live Borrelia. PBMC stimulated by LPS increase the net production (stimulated minus unstimulated) of IL-1b and TNF-a significantly, while production of IL-6 was smaller. A delayed increase in the production of IL-10 was also observed. Productions of IL-12 and INF-g were not influenced. In contrast to LPS, stimulation of PBMC with live Borrelia, increases also the production of IL-12 and IFN-g, besides IL-1b, TNF-a, IL-6 and IL-10. Productions of IL-1b, IL-6 and TNFa increased immediately after incubation with both LPS and Borrelia, while productions of IL-12 and INF-g begin to increase 8 hours and production of IL-10 12 hours after stimulation. Data indicate that stimulation with different pyrogens may activate the cells of the immune cascade in a different way. Stimulation of BPMC by LPS seems to activate the initial steps of the immune response (macrophages and granulocytes) only, while infection with live Borrelia also stimulates the later phase of the immune response, probably due to effect of initially produced cytokines., L. Janský, P. Reymanová, J. Kopecký., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Birds’ nesting success may vary significantly between years. Ample evidence exists that this variation is caused by temporal fluctuations in rodent populations, as rodents are important components in the diets of nest predators. The alternative prey hypothesis supposes that generalist predators switch to alternative prey (bird nests) when their main prey (rodents) is lacking, thus causing increased nest predation. According to the shared predation hypothesis, by contrast, predator density is enhanced at rodent population peaks and results in simultaneous increase in main and alternative prey predation. To evaluate these hypotheses, nest predation rate dynamics were examined using artificial nests (n = 560) and rodent abundance (2240 traps) during four breeding seasons in Central European (the Czech Republic) secondary forests. Although rodent abundance increased at the population peak by almost seven times compared to the baseline and nest predation rate also showed significant inter-year variation, the data support neither the alternative prey nor shared predation hypotheses. In rich ecosystems with complex trophic levels, predators can use many resources as alternative prey. Therefore, bird nest predation risk does not increase or decrease in periods of low rodent abundance.
As part of an archaeological excavation in Valdštejnská street in the Lesser Town of Prague, flood sediments in an old channel of the river Vltava were studied by means of pollen analysis. Analyses were performed on a core taken before the archaeological excavation and samples from the layers uncovered by the excavation. The core includes deposits from the era that followed the construction of weirs in the second half of the 13th century up to approximately the 15th century. Some of the sediments are older and from Early Medieval times (the oldest from the end of the 10th century). For the pollen analysis, three types of sediment were studied: flood loams, cultural layers and material deposited on causeways. Thanks to the diversity in the sediments it was possible to study local and regional components of the pollen spectra in more detail. The vegetation growing in the old river channel consisted of ruderal and weed taxa with sedge stands surviving in less accessible places. This locality most probably did not serve as a dumping ground until at least the 14th century, and even then this is not directly indicated by the pollen analysis. The difficulty of interpreting the mixed-origin pollen spectra usually present in urban archaeobotanical deposits is a common problem. Using multivariate statistics, three groups of pollen taxa characteristic for each particular sediment type were separated, and the individual pollen sources (and corresponding taphonomical processes) partly separated. Therefore, it was possible to distinguish autochthonous and allochthonous sources of pollen and draw conclusions about the local vegetation at this site.
Based on the biological significance of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) and its potential role during sepsis, burns and ischemia-reperfusion injury, we hypothesized that the systemic response to traumatic shock (TS) is accompanied by tissue-specific UPP alterations. Therefore, we studied tissue ubiquitin pools, chymotryptic- and tryptic-like proteasome peptidase activities and ubiquitin-protein ligation (UbPL) rates in skeletal muscle, heart, lung, liver, spleen and kidney using a clinically relevant porcine model (bilateral femur fracture/hemorrhage followed by fluid resuscitation). TS induced a systemic reduction of tissue- specific high molecular mass ubiquitin-protein conjugates (>50 kDa). Free ubiquitin was unaffected. The dynamic organ patterns of ubiquitin pools paralleled the typical physiological response to TS and resuscitation. Reduction of ubiquitin-protein conjugates was most pronounced in heart and lung (p<0.05 vs. control) and accompanied by significant increases in proteasome peptidase and UbPL activities in these organs. Unlike all other tissues, spleen proteasome peptidase and UbPL activities were significantly reduced 10 h after TS. These findings support the concept that the UPP could play an important role in regulation of cell functions during the early whole-body response to TS. The UPP might be a therapeutic target to improve the metabolic care after TS, particularly in the heart, lung, and spleen., M. B. Patel, S. A. Earle, M. Majetschak., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy