V souvislosti s ochranou lidských práv zaručených Úmluvou o ochraně lidských práv a základních svobod se v poslední době čím dál častěji diskutuje otázka, zda přístup k asistované reprodukci také spadá pod rámec ochrany poskytovaný Úmluvou. Příspěvek přináší přehled rozhodnutí Evropského soudu pro lidská práva, která se problematikou asistované reprodukce zabývaly. Na pozadí těchto rozhodnutí se příspěvek snaží analyzovat hranice rozšiřujícího pojetí práva na respektování rodinného a soukromého života podle čl. 8 Úmluvy a poukázat na skutečnost, že v oblasti řešení složitých biomedicínckých a bioetických otázek nemá Soud dostatečnou autoritu na to, aby se stal finálním arbitrem při posuzování hodnotových měřítek společnosti v jednotlivých evropských státech., In the last few decades decided European Court of Human Rights very problematic cases involving “right to access to assisted reproduction”. These cases are concerning very controversial ethical aspects of biomedical developments in the field of medical techniques of artificial procreation and reshape the content (meaning) of Article 8 of European Convention of Human Rights. This paper provides short overview of cases of European Court of Human Rights involving “right to access to assisted reproduction” and focuses especially on the latest developments in this field (case S.H. and Others v. Austria - Application no 57813/00) . Although the technology of medically assisted procreation had been available in Europe for several decades, many of the issues to which it gave rise, remained the subject of debate. There is no consensus towards the use of IVF treatment in general and even less clear are trends in some particular questions (f.e. allowing gamete donation). These unsolved problems give to raise serious doubts about the possibility of the Court provide “final decisions” in these matters., Tomáš Doležal, and Literatura 10
The colorectal cancer ranks high among the malignant tumours in incidence and mortality and irinotecan is standardly used in palliative treatment of metastatic disease in every therapeutic line. Unfortunately, the treatment with irinotecan is often associated with severe toxicities, especially neutropenia and diarrhea. The majority of the toxic manifestation is caused by the insufficient deactivation (glucuronidation) of irinotecan active metabolite SN-38 by UGT1A enzyme. The elevated SN-38 plasma concentration is responsible for the hematological and gastrointestinal toxicity that can become life-threatening. The patients carrying the mutation of the gene encoding UGT1A enzyme lack the ability of bilirubin glucuronidation, and suffer from the inherited un-conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (Gilbert syndrome, Crigler-Najjar type 1 and 2 syndrome). The mutations in other enzyme systems also play role in the etiopathogenesis of the irinotecan toxicity: CYP3A (cytochrome P-450), ABC family of transmembrane transporters (adenosine-triphosphate binding cassette). The goal of the contemporary research is to determine the predictive factors that will enable the individual adjustment of the individual drug dosage while minimising the adverse effects and maintaining the treatment benefit. and A. Paulík, J. Grim, S. Filip
Většina pacientek s časným i pokročilým stadiem maligního ovariálního nádoru udává symptomy onemocnění, přičemž mezi nejčastějšími jsou zastoupeny gastrointestinální obtíže. Fyzikální vyšetření je limitováno, vzhledem k uložení adnex a časté extraovariální manifestaci onemocnění. Předoperační stanovení nádorového markeru CA 125 je indikováno pouze při podezření na ovariální maligní nádor s cílem sledování dynamiky hladin markeru během onkologické léčby. V opačném případě vysoká falešná pozitivita CA 125 vede k nadbytečnému vyšetřování zdravých pacientek a dalším intervencím. Stanovení nádorového markeru HE4 by mohlo být přínosem u selektované skupiny pacientek (premenopauzální ženy s endometroidní benigní vs. malignizovou cystou aj.), jelikož jeho rutinní (neselektovaný) odběr v případě ovariálního tumoru nevedl k lepšímu rozlišení benigních a maligních ovariálních nádorů ve srovnání s markerem CA 125. V současné době zůstává ultrazvukové vyšetření metodou volby v diferenciální diagnostice benigních a maligních ovariálních nádorů a v rukou zkušeného sonografisty umožní i stanovení stadia a operability onemocnění. Magnetická rezonance s kontrastní látkou je využívána pouze komplementárně v případě nutnosti lepšího tkáňového rozlišení. Počítačová tomografie se většinou využívá ke zhodnocení rozsahu pokročilého nádorového onemocnění, zvláště pokud není na pracovišti dostatečná erudice v abdominálním ultrazvukovém vyšetření. Kombinace počítačové tomografie s pozitronovou emisní tomografií (PET/CT) je nejpřesnější metodou ve stanovení vzdálených metastáz, její využití je však limitováno dostupností metody. Využití PET/CT v diferenciální diagnostice benigních a maligních ovariálních nádorů je limitováno vyšším počtem falešně negativních nálezů ve srovnání s ultrazvukovým vyšetřením., The majority of patients who suffer from an early or advanced stage of ovarian cancer complain about symptoms, mainly gastrointestinal ones. The pelvic examination in ovarian cancer detection is limited by the adnexal position in the pelvis and frequent extraovarian spread of disease. The evaluation of tumor marker CA 125 is justified only in suspicion of ovarian cancer, and rather is to be used in the follow up of ovarian cancer patients during oncological treatment. Otherwise the known high false positivity of CA 125 may cause unnecessary further examinations and invasive interventions. The evaluation of new tumor marker HE4 might be worthy in a selected group of patients (e.g. with endometriomas etc.), however the HE4 or combination of HE4/CA 125 did not increase the detection of malignant disease compared with CA 125 alone. Recently, ultrasound is the method of choice in diferential diagnosis between benign and malignant ovarian tumors. The experienced examiner is also able to detect extraovarian tumor spread and to assess tumor operability. MRI is used only to complement ultrasound in cases when high tissue resolution is needed. CT is a useful method for detection of extraovarian spread, especially in cases when an ultrasound examiner experienced in abdominal scanning is not available. Similarly, PET/CT is a highly accurate method for the detection of abdominal and extraabdominal tumor spread, but its use is limited by cost and the low availability of this method. On the other hand, PET/CT is not recommended for primary cancer detection because of its lower sensitivity in comparison to ultrasound and its high false positive rates., Daniela Fischerová, Michal Zikán, Ivana Pinkavová, Jiří Sláma, Pavel Freitag, Pavel Dundr, Andrea Burgetová, David Cibula, and Literatura 50
To study defects and chromosomal abnormalities of the fetus, we retrospectively analyzed results of comprehensive dynamic survey of 26,404 pregnant women aged 1850 years old at 6 to 40 weeks of pregnancy. Of them, 25,956 (98.3%) women had physiological course of pregnancy, 448 (1.7%) women had abnormal pregnancy. For the diagnosis of fetal defects, we carried out ultrasound, biochemical, invasive and cytogenetic studies. The results of study showed that the majority of fetal defects and pathological course of pregnancy was noted in women at the age of 2125 years old, since at this age period women have the highest number of pregnancies. At the older age, we noted a gradual decrease in the number of pregnant women, as well as the number of abnormalities of the fetus. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, we have developed an algorithm for early fetal ultrasound examination. In order to exclude nondeveloping pregnancy and intrauterine fetal death, as well as for early diagnosis of fetal defects, we recommend screening women in the first trimester of pregnancy., Shahnoza Kamalidinova, and Literatura
Background: To evaluate the clinical usefulness of serum levels of soluble form of endoglin in stage III colorectal adenocarcinomas (CRC) patients for detection of recurrence. Methods: The case-control study consisted of 80 stage III CRC patients who underwent surgery with curative intent and 70 age-and sex-matched healthy volunteers. Serum levels of soluble form of endoglin (sol-end) were measured in both groups. Also, predictive factors of recurrence were evaluated using multivariate analyses. Results: Serum levels of sol-end in stage III CRC patients were significantly higher than those in controls. There was not a significant association between serum levels of sol-end and clinicopathological features in CRC patients. Multivariate regression analysis showed the LN R (hazard ratio, 2.54; 95% CI , 1.46–4.34; p < 0.001), to be significant independent factors to estimate local recurrence in stage III CRC patients. Conclusion: Preoperative serum levels of sol-end do not seem useful as a marker for detection of recurrence in stage III CRC patients., Ismail Gomceli, Mesut Tez, Erdal B. Bostanci, Nesrin Turhan, Ahu S. Kemik, Musa Akoglu, and Literatura 18
Introduction Cutaneous malignant melanoma prevalence, incidence and mortality rates are increasing in white populations worldwide more rapidly than any other cancer site (American Cancer Society, 2006). Despite the potential importance of regular skin selfexamination and promotion of selfprotection practices, little is known about the prevalence of these practices in medical students in Albanian population. Methods This is a descriptive, quantitative crosssectional study. In this study were included a sample of 150 individuals chosen among the students of Faculty of Medicine based on their family history for skin cancer. This study was started on October the 3rd and finished on November the 12th. Subjects had to fill in a structured, selfadministered questionnaire. All participants lived within Republic of Albania but at the time of the study were students in University of Tirana, Faculty of Medicine. Results In this study that we conducted we included 150 individuals supposed to have a risk for skin cancer based on their family history. 200 individuals were approached for participation. Of these, 150 individuals returned questionnaire data, yielding a response rate of 75% among eligible, successfully contacted participants. The mean age of the sample was 20.05 years (Std. Dev. = 0.925), with males (22%) and females (78%) represented unequally, because the gender configuration of the faculty itself has gender disparities with more than 80% females and only 20% male students. The majority of the sample was born in city or town (85.3%), 14.7% was born in a village. In terms of income level, 79.3% of participants had a medium income family background, 15.3% high income and 5.3% had a low income level family background. Conclusion It is important for those individuals with family history for skin cancer (which inherently indicates risk for skin cancer) to develop selfexamination and SSE behaviours and practices in order to have a protection and at least an early detection (if onset) of the different forms of Melanoma. The results of this study provide some guide as to the key areas or 'hot spots' on which to focus attention when designing supportive care interventions for melanoma survivors and those at high risk of skin cancer., Yllka Bilushi, Rozeta Luci, Loreta Kuneshka, Numila Maliqari, and Literatura