A number of effects which can affect the low-mass IMF derived from the local luminosity function is studied. We consider an influence of unresolved binairies, variations in fine structure of mass-luminosity relation, BC-scale, chemical composition, and evolution of brown dwarfs. The mass-luminosity relation is found to be the main factor defining the IMF. As analysis shows, different theoretical relations calculated for Pop I composition result in different IMFs /from a power law, to a lognormal one/. The presence at faintest magnitudes /Mν > 20^m/ of a large number of brown dwarfs, slowly evolving with decreasing luminosity, leads to the depletion of the luminosity function for both lognormal and power IMFs.
Když benevolence zraňuje ženy a favorizuje muže: účinky ambivalentního sexismu na aspirace na vůdcovství Literatura o ambivalentním sexismu ukázala, že benevolence vůči ženám může být dokonce škodlivější než otevřené nepřátelství, protože není jasně rozpoznatelná jako druh předsudku, a tak je obtížnější s ní bojovat. Podobně benevolence vůči mužům predikuje vnímanou oprávněnost genderové hierarchie. Účinek sexismu na mužské a ženské aspirace na vůdcovství však ještě nebyl zkoumán. Účastníci studie (N = 101) byli poučeni o sexismu (hostilním vs. benevolentním) vůči vlastnímu pohlaví. Výsledky ukázaly, že benevolence podporuje možnost udržení vůdcovské role u mužů, ale odrazuje ženy od vůdcovských pozic. Ženy dokonce považují benevolentní a hostilní postoje vůči ženám za podobné předsudky. Muži naopak vymezují hostilní sexismus vůči mužům jako více předsudečný než benevolentní postoje., Literature on ambivalent sexism has shown that benevolence toward women can be even more pernicious than explicit hostility because it is not clearly recognizable as a form of prejudice and thus it is more difficult to combat. Similarly, benevolence toward men predicts the perceived legitimacy of gender hierarchy. However, the effects of sexism on men’s and women’s leadership aspiration have not been studied yet. In the present study participants (N = 101) were primed with sexism (Hostile vs. Benevolent) toward their own gender. Results showed that benevolence fosters the possibility of holding a leadership role for men, but harms women from leader positions. Moreover, women consider benevolent and hostile attitudes toward women as similarly prejudiced. On the contrary, men define hostile sexism toward men as more prejudiced than benevolent attitudes., Chiara Rollero, Angela Fed., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
This article summarises the underlying points of Whitehead´s first systematic critique of the "materialistic" theory, which dominate modern scientific reasoning, as well as the philosophical motivation of his criticism of modern epistemology that originated as a result of a specific link towards science. Together with an outline of Whitehead´s critique, this study offers a number of illustrative quotes from the works of thinkers against whom Whitehead delineated his own philosophy sicne his own texts do not systematically come to terms with primary literature. In conclusion, this study sketches out the key traits of Whitehead´s own positon representantive of the particular phase of his thinking under scrutiny., Michal Andrle., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Implicit causality (IC) verbs influence the pronoun ambiguity resolution by directing the speakers’ (readers’ or listeners’) attention to the referent that is likely to be the cause of the event or state. Although IC bias is considered universal, there are cross-linguistic differences in its direction and strength. Previous studies have attempted to build large datasets of IC verbs, but very few Slavic languages have been investigated. In this experimental study, we examined the direction and strength of IC bias in Croatian, an understudied Slavic language in this regard, and compared it with IC bias observed in English. After selecting 137 verbs and classifying them according to thematic roles (agent-patient, agent-evocator, stimulus-experiencer, experiencer-stimulus), 86 participants were asked to complete sentence fragments containing these verbs. The study was conducted under the semantic structure account. Our results show that most Croatian verbs followed the predicted direction, which is consistent with findings suggesting that the direction of IC bias is relatively generalizable across languages. We also detected cross-linguistic variability in the strength of IC bias, especially in stimulus-experiencer verbs. This is consistent with studies showing that the strength of IC bias can vary across languages. Implications for theoretical and methodological approaches are discussed. and Implicitnouzročni glagoli utječu na razdvosmislenje upućivanja zamjenicom usmjeravajući govornikovu (čitateljevu ili slušateljevu) pozornost na referent koji je vjerojatniji uzrok događaja ili stanja. Iako se implicitnouzročna pristranost smatra univerzalnom, pronađene su međujezične razlike u smjeru i jačini glagolske pristranosti. U prijašnjim se istraživanjima težilo stvaranju velikih baza implicitnouzročnih glagola, no ta je jezična pojava nedovoljno istražena u slavenskim jezicima. Cilj ovoga eksperimentalnoga istraživanja bio je ispitati smjer i jačinu pristranosti implicitnouzročnih glagola u hrvatskome, koji je slavenski jezik i u kojem je ta pojava slabo istražena, te dobivene podatke usporediti s podatcima u engleskom jeziku. Izabrano je 137 glagola koji su razvrstani prema semantičkim ulogama (agens – pacijens, agens – pobuđivač, poticajnik – doživljavač, doživljavač – poticajnik). Ukupno je 86 sudionika dovršavalo rečenice s tim glagolima. Istraživanje je provedeno u okviru pristupa značenjske strukture. Rezultati pokazuju da većina hrvatskih glagola pokazuje predviđeni smjer pristranosti, što je u skladu s istraživanjima koja upućuju na to da je smjer implicitnouzročne pristranosti sličan u različitim jezicima. S druge strane, pronađene su međujezične razlike u snazi glagolske pristranosti, ponajprije u kategoriji poticajnik – doživljavač. Taj je rezultat u skladu s istraživanjima koja pokazuju da se jačina implicitnouzročne pristranosti može razlikovati među jezicima. U radu se raspravlja o teorijskim i metodološkim implikacijama.
In the following essay-manifesto, Contradictions editor Joseph Grim Feinberg lays out his view of the journal as a platform for confronting the central contradictions of post-communism, working through the problems of Central and Eastern Europe in global context, and seeking the continued contemporary relevance of the history of emancipatory and critical thought. Contradictions, he writes, should enable philosophy and its neighboring fields to engage with this region, at this moment, while telling world history something that no other time or place has told it before.