Již posedmé se sešla odborná porota složená z fotografů a zároveň vědců, aby zhodnotila příspěvky zaslané do soutěže Věda je krásná. Do ročníku 2015 bylo zasláno celkem 269 příspěvků. Z celkového počtu 7 kategorií patřilo pět výhradně zaměstnancům a studentům Univerzity Karlovy. Objevitelskou kategorii a kategorii Instagram, otevřenou široké veřejnosti, hodnotila porota složená z pracovníků Přírodovědecké fakulty UK v Praze. Diváci pak rozhodli o vítězi ve vlastním hlasování. Věda je krásná ale není jen soutěží mikrofotografií, velký prostor zůstává vymezen klasickým fotografiím a ilustracím, od r. 2014 také snímkům pořízeným ve výše zmíněné mobilní aplikaci., This competition run by the Faculty of Science at Charles University in Prague and its supportive web www.prirodovedci.cz aims to show the beauty and aesthetics revealed by scientific research, either via photography, illustrations or computerized visualizations of natural phenomena., and Michal Andrle.
Tinnitus je symptom, který se vyskytuje stále častěji kvůli všudypřítomnému hluku a zvyšujícímu se životnímu tempu. Poslední výzkumy poukazují na to, že v adaptaci na tinnitus a v jeho zpracování hrají ústřední roli psychologické a psychofyziologické mechanismy. Cílem této práce bylo popsat subjektivní prožívání tinnitu a způsoby jeho zvládání. Teoretická část se zabývá faktory a procesy ovlivňujícími patogenezi tinnitu jako je např. stres a habituace, autoplastickým obrazem onemocnění, psychosociálními důsledky tinnitu, zvládacími strategiemi a léčebnými metodami. Pro výzkum byl zvolen kvalitativní přístup. Jedná se o případovou studii skupiny. Celkem 25 pacientů se subjektivním tinnitem se zúčastnilo polostrukturovaného rozhovoru. Výsledky výzkumu popisují pasivní, efektivní a maladaptivní copingové strategie, podporují nálezy o významu vlivu stresu jak na příčinu, tak důsledky tinnitu a význam psychických problémů spojených s tinnitem. Výsledky také naznačují rozdíly v prožívání a zvládání tinnitu mezi muži a ženami. Tyto poznatky poukazují na vážnost psychických problémů spojených s tinnitem a potřebu komplexní léčby pro tyto pacienty., Tinnitus is a symptom, which occurs increasingly nowadays, mostly because of omnipresent noise and accelerating pace of live. The latest studies have shown that tinnitus adaptation and treatment depend especially on psychological and psychophysiological mechanisms. The aim of this study was to describe a subjective experience and ways of coping with tinnitus. Its theoretical part is focused on factors and processes influencing the pathogenesis of tinnitus, such as stress and habituation, illness representations, psychosocial consequences of tinnitus, coping strategies and tinnitus treatment. For the research of this study was chosen qualitative approach, a case study of a group. 25 patients with subjective tinnitus participated in semi-structured interview. The results describe passive, effective and maladaptive coping strategies. They confirm an impact of stress on cause and consequences of tinnitus, and the importance of psychological problems in tinnitus patients. The results also describe differences in illness representations and coping with tinnitus between men and women. These findings highlight the severity of psychological problems associated with tinnitus and the need for comprehensive treatment., Karolina Veldová, Roman Procházka., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The aim of this study is to define the possible effects of vegetable oils used as vitamin E vehicle on the electrical activity of the rat heart. To test the possible effects of vitamin E vehicles we studied the effect of i.p. injected corn oil, hazelnut oil or peanut oil on the action potential parameters recorded in both papillary and left atrial muscle strips. Four experimental groups were used. The control group was injected (i.p.) with distilled water, while the three remaining groups received injections of corn oil, hazelnut oil, or peanut oil for five weeks (in a dose of 0.4 ml/kg/day - minimum amount of oil in which vitamin E could be dissolved). We used borosilicated (15-20 MΩ) capillary electrodes and intracellular action potentials (AP) were recorded in isolated papillary and left atrium muscle strips. While administration of three different types of vegetable oil had no significant effect on AP parameters of papillary muscle, they significantly prolonged the repolarization phase of AP in atrial strips. These results show that vegetable oils used as vitamin E vehicles may alter the electrical activity of the heart in a tissue-dependent manner. The present data indicate that the possible effect of vegetable oil vehicles should be kept in mind while evaluating the possible effects of in vivo vitamin E administration., S. Ozdemir, M. Ayaz, T. Tuncer, M. Ugur, B. Turan., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Parazitické stádium velkých mlžů (řád Unionida) vytváří velmi těsné spojení mezi těmito druhy a jejich rybími hostiteli. Tento článek představuje variabilitu mezidruhových interakcí na příkladech středoevropských druhů., The parasitic stage of freshwater mussels (order Unionida) constitutes a tight host-affiliate linkage between mussels and their host fish. This article presents the variability of interactions using the Central European species as a model group., and Karel Douda.
To investigate the vestibular and somatosensory interaction in human postural control, a galvanic vestibular stimulation of cosine bell shape resulting in a small forward or backward body lean was paired with three vibrations of both soleus muscles. The induced body lean was registered by the position of the center of foot pressure (CoP). During a quiet stance with eyes closed the vibration of both soleus muscles with frequency (of) 40 Hz, 60 Hz and 80 Hz resulted in the body lean backward with velocities related to the vibration frequencies. The vestibular galvanic stimulation with the head turned to the right caused forward or backward modification of CoP backward response to the soleus muscles vibration and peaked at 1.5-2 s following the onset of the vibration. The effect of the paired stimulation was larger than the summation of the vestibular stimulation during the quiet stance and a leg muscle vibration alone. The enhancement of the galvanic stimulation was related to the velocity of body lean induced by the leg muscle vibration. The galvanic vestibular stimulation during a faster body movement had larger effects than during a slow body lean or the quiet stance. The results suggest that velocity of a body postural movement or incoming proprioceptive signal from postural muscles potentiate the effects of simultaneous vestibular stimulations on posture., O. Dzurková, F. Hlavačka., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Hypoxia stimulates ventilation, but when it is sustained, a decline in the ventilatory response is seen. The mechanism responsible for this decline lies within the CNS, but still remains unknown. In this study, we attempted to elucidate the possible role of hypoxia-induced depression of respiratory neurons by comparing the ventilatory response to hypoxia in intact rats and those with denervated carotid bodies. A whole-body plethysmograph was used to measure tidal volume, frequency of breathing and minute ventilation (VE) in awake and anesthetized intact rats and rats after carotid body denervation during exposure to hypoxia (FIO2 0.1). Fifteen-minute hypoxia induced an initial increase of VE in intact rats (to 248 % of control ventilation in awake and to 227 % in anesthetized rats) followed by a consistent decline (to 207 % and 196 % of control VE, respectively). Rats with denervated carotid bodies responded with a smaller increase in VE (to 134 % in awake and 114 % in anesthetized animals), but without a secondary decline (145 % and 129 % of control VE in the 15th min of hypoxia). These results suggest that afferentation from the carotid bodies and/or the substantial increase in ventilation are crucial for the biphasicity of the ventilatory response to sustained hypoxia and that a central hypoxic depression cannot fully explain the secondary decline in VE., H. Maxová, M. Vízek., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Stať převážně empirického charakteru čerpá z archivních dat, ze zdrojů Centra pro výzkum veřejného mínění a z první fáze realizace projektu Grantové agentury ČR s názvem „Sociologický výzkum historického vědomí obyvatel České republiky”. Teoretická část textu vychází z konceptu kolektivní paměti, zejména z myšlenky selektivity a proměnlivosti obsahů uložených v paměti. Článek dále prezentuje kvantitativní data týkající se veřejného mínění o české historii a kvalitativní zjištění výzkumu o historickém vědomí získaná prostřednictvím metody focus groups., The article of a mostly empirical character is drawn from archive data, from the sources of the Centre for Public Opinion Research, and from the first phase of the undertaking of a project of the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic entit - led „The Sociological Research of the Historical Consciousness of Inhabitants of the Czech Republic“. The theoretical part of the text is based on the concept of collective memory, especially on the idea of the selectivity and changeability of contents saved in the memory. This article also presents quantitative data concerning the perspective held by public opinion on Czech history, and qualitative perspectives on historical consciousness attained through the use of focus groups., and Jiří Šubrt, Štěpánka Pfeiferová.
Vermiculite in its macroscopic form occurs in the Archaean supracrustal rocks exposed towards east of Sargur supracrustal complex in Karnataka state. The present study forms the first detailed work on the occurrence of vermiculite associated with the ultramafic rocks in the Agasthyapura, which lies in the long. 76° 50’ 658” and lat. 12° 15’ 976”. Petrography, X-ray diffraction, FTIR, DTA&TGA, SEM, fluid inclusion and electron probe analyses are presented in this contribution study. The probable origin of vermiculite from biotite through hydrobiotite is discussed., Kikkeri N. Prakash Narasimha, Honnaiah Ramalingaiah, Karel Melka, K. Krishnaveni, Pinnelli S. R. Prasad, Chikkamadaiah Krishnaiah, Katihalli S. Jayappa and Atni V. Ganesha., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy