Health System Financing and Organization in Moldova Moldova is one of the poorest countries in Europe. In the paper, main principles of health system in Moldova, financing, reimbursement and organization are described. The main source of health financing in Moldova is public health insurance. However, the part of population is not fully insured by public system. There are large differences in access to services between urban and rural areas., Jan Jaroš, Martin Dlouhý, and Literatura
Disclosures: Eduardo Díaz-Rubio: Roche (C/A, RF); Auxiliadora Gómez-España: None; Bartomeu Massutí: Roche (C/A); Javier Sastre: None; Albert Abad: Roche (C/A); Manuel Valladares: Roche (C/A, RF, H); Fernando Rivera: Roche (C/A, RF); Maria J. Safont: None; Purificación Martínez de Prado: None; Manuel Gallén: None; Encarnación González: None; Eugenio Marcuello: None; Manuel Benavides: Roche (C/A); Carlos Fernández-Martos: None; Ferrán Losa: None; Pilar Escudero: None; Antonio Arrivi: None; Andrés Cervantes: Roche (H); Rosario Dueñas: None; Amelia López-Ladrón: None; Adelaida Lacasta: None; Marta Llanos: None; Jose M. Tabernero: Roche, Genentech, Sanofi- Aventis (C/A); Antonio Antón: None; Enrique Aranda: Roche, Merck Serono (C/A). (C/A) Consulting/advisory relationship; (RF) Research funding; (E) Employment; (H) Honoraria received; (OI) Ownership interests; (IP) Intellectual property rights/inventor/patent holder; (SAB) Scientific advisory board. Purpose: The aim of this phase III trial was to compare the efficacy and safety of bevacizumab alone with those of bevacizumab and capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (XELOX) as maintenance treatment following induction chemotherapy with XELOX plus bevacizumab in the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Patients and Methods: Patients were randomly assigned to receive six cycles of bevacizumab, capecitabine, and oxaliplatin every 3 weeks followed by XELOX plus bevacizumab or bevacizumab alone until progression. The primary endpoint was the progression-free survival (PFS) interval; secondary endpoints were the overall survival (OS) time, objective response rate (RR), time to response, duration of response, and safety. Results: The intent-to-treat population comprised 480 patients (XELOX plus bevacizumab, n = 239; bevacizumab, n = 241); there were no significant differences in baseline characteristics. The median follow-up was 29.0 months (range, 0–53.2 months). There were no statistically significant differences in the median PFS or OS times or in the RR between the two arms. The most common grade 3 or 4 toxicities in the XELOX plus bevacizumab versus bevacizumab arms were diarrhea, hand–foot syndrome, and neuropathy. Conclusion: Although the noninferiority of bevacizumab versus XELOX plus bevacizumab cannot be confirmed, we can reliably exclude a median PFS detriment >3 weeks. This study suggests that maintenance therapy with singleagent bevacizumab may be an appropriate option following induction XELOX plus bevacizumab in mCRC patients., Eduardo Díaz-Rubio, Auxiliadora Gómez-España, Bartomeu Massutí, Javier Sastre, Albert Abad, Manuel Valladares, Fernando Rivera, Maria J.Safont, Purificación Martínez De Prado, Manuel Gallén, Encarnación González, Eugenio Marcuello, Manuel Benavides, Carlos Fernández-Martos, Ferrán Losa, Pilar Escudero, Antonio Arrivi, Andrés Cervantes, Rosario Dueñas, Amelia López-Ladrón, Adelaida Lacasta, Marta Llanos, Jose M. Tabernero, Antonio Antón, Enrique Aranda, and Literatura 29
Motivation. Our previous study showed differences in the atherosclerosis phenotype between Lithuanian and Swedish men that could be influenced by complementary factors, namely oxidation processes and/or oxidative stress. The goal of this study was to evaluate the mainstream biological pathways inducing and maintaining the atherosclerotic process by analyzing genetic biomarkers particularly in inflammatory and metabolic pathways where the main focus is laid on the oxidation process. Methods. There were 32 families recruited for the study and clinical as well as biochemical analyses were performed. For genetic analysis 150 SNPs in 89 genes were selected in order to construct a microarray based on Arrayed Primer Extension (APEX) genotyping technology. Genotyping was carried out in 28 families and transmission disequilibrium test (TDT), siblingTDT (STDT), and combined analysis were performed. Results. Clinical and biochemical analysis revealed that probands with premature CAD were more likely to have diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia and were male with high body mass index. Genetic analysis showed six SNPs statistically significantly associated with the atherosclerosis phenotype in the candidate genes ITGA2, IL1B, ALOX5A, OR13G1, MMP9 and NFKB1. These genes belong to different biological pathways: trombocyte adhesion and vessel damage, inflammation response, cholesterol and lypoxygenase metabolic pathway and nutrition. Conclusions. Generalized clinical, biochemical, bioinformatical and candidate genes association results support our hypothesis and indicate that the oxidation process may be of key importance in the formation of atherosclerosis., Ingrida Pepalyte, Zita Aušrele Kučinskiene, Kristina Grigalioniene, Žaneta Petrulioniene, Vilma Dženkevičiute, Loreta Bagdonaite, Vaidutis Kučinskas, and Literatura
Z historického přehledu principů tvorby metod pro odhad výšky postavy člověka na základě skeletu vyplývá, že lze vymezit čtyři základní skupiny metod: metody podílové, regresní, anatomické a metody organické korelace. Každá má svá specifika a úskalí, která bezprostředně vyplývají z jejich matematické konstrukce. Nejčastěji se k odhadu výšky postavy používají některé rozměry dlouhých kostí končetin. Bylo teoreticky prokázáno, že nejpřesnější možné odhady poskytují metody regresní, zejména když k odhadu využijeme kombinaci rozměrů z více kostí. Nutným předpokladem použití lineární regrese je však užití pouze těch rovnic, které byly vytvořeny na základě výběru z populace, z níž pochází i odhadovaný jedinec. V opačném případě, tj. pokud je lineární regrese použita pro odhad jedinců z populace jiné, může dojít k menšímu či většímu vychýlení odhadu. Tato skutečnost byla již mnohokrát empiricky ověřena. Teoretický rozbor lineární regrese ukázal, že jde o důsledek jevu označovaného jako „regrese k průměru“. Metody organické korelace (založené na minimalizaci součtu plochy reziduálních trojúhelníků) jsou méně náchylné k systematické chybě, jsou však také méně přesné. Lze je ale aplikovat na libovolnou populaci a pro jednotlivé případy z neznámé populace jsou nejpřesnější. Anatomické metody jsou aplikovatelné jen v případě dostatečně zachovaného skeletu. Jsou založeny na součtu výšek všech (nebo téměř všech) kostí skeletu, které se na výšce postavy přímo podílejí. Rozdíl mezi výškou postavy za života a součtem délek kostí skeletu od lebky po patní kost se pohybuje v řádu centimetrů a prostor pro chybu odhadu je tak malý. Ať už pak k odhadu výšky ze skeletu v rámci anatomické metody použijeme kterýkoliv ze tří výše uvedených matematických postupů (podílová metoda, lineární regrese, organická korelace), rozdíly mezi jimi pořízenými odhady jsou zanedbatelné a jejich rozlišování pozbývá smyslu. Celkově jsou tedy anatomické metody nejpřesnější a je třeba je doporučit, kdykoliv to stav zachování skeletu dovolí., A historical review of principles guiding the formulation of methods for stature estimation based on measurements of the human skeleton reveals that it is possible to delimit four basic groups of methods: anatomical, constant ratio, linear regression, and organic correlation methods. Each has its own specific features and limits, which are a result of their mathematical constructions. Long bones of limbs are most often used for estimates of stature. It was demonstrated theoretically that linear regression models provide the most precise and accurate estimates of stature from particular skeletal elements, especially when several suitable bones are used in combination. A necessary condition for using the linear regression equations is, however, that we use equations based on the population from which the estimated individual originated. In contrast, when a regression equation is applied to an individual originating from a different population smaller or larger systematic error of the estimate may result. This fact was assessed empirically on numerous occasions and it was demonstrated on the basis of linear regression theory that a phenomenon known as “regression to the mean” can be considered as the cause. Organic correlations (built on the least-triangle area criterion) are less prone to systematic errors, but they are also less precise. They can be applied to any population and are best suited for cases where the population of origin is unknown. Anatomical methods are best applied when the skeleton is adequately preserved as this method requires bone lengths of all (or almost all) bones contributing to body height. The difference between height of the living body and the sum of lengths of relevant bones from head to heel is in the order of centimeters so the estimate error margin is small. Consequently, the differences between estimates obtained from using the different mathematical approaches (constant ratio, linear regression or organic correlation) are insignificant, so there is little benefit in preferring any particular one. Overall, anatomical methods provide the most accurate and precise results for height estimation and should be recommended wherever allowed by the state of preservation of the skeleton., Tomáš Zeman, Miroslav Králík, and Literatura
Cieľ: Cieľom práce bolo validizovať defi nujúce charakteristiky ošetrovateľskej diagnózy Defi cit vedomostí vybraným súborom slovenských sestier – expertov, teda zistiť, ktoré defi nujúce charakteristiky sú sestrami považované za hlavné a ktoré za vedľajšie. Metódy: Na hodnotenie defi nujúcich charakteristík ošetrovateľskej diagnózy Defi cit vedomostí bol zvolený Fehringov model validity diagnostického obsahu. Výsledky: Za hlavné defi nujúce charakteristiky boli označené: „slovné vyjadrenie problému“ a „chybné, nepresné dodržiavanie inštrukcií“. Za vedľajšie defi nujúce charakteristiky boli označené: „chybné, nepresné výsledky testu“ a „neprimerané správanie“. Charakteristika „prehnané správanie“ dosiahla vážené skóre menej ako 0,5. Záver: Nie všetky defi nujúce charakteristiky ošetrovateľskej diagnózy Defi cit vedomostí uvedené v klasifi kačnom systéme NANDA-International sú pre vybraný súbor sestier rovnako významné pre jej stanovenie., Aim: The aim of the study was to validate the nursing diagnosis Deficient Knowledge by a chosen sample of Slovak nurses – experts, i. e. to find out which defining characteristics are considered major and minor. Methods: The Fehring’s Diagnostic Content Validity Model was used to evaluate the defi ning characteristics of nursing diagnosis Deficient Knowledge. Results: Th e following defi ning characteristics were marked as major: “verbalization of the problem”, “inaccurate compliance with instructions”. The following characteristics were marked as minor: “poor and inaccurate performance in a test” and “inappropriate behaviour”. The defining characteristic “exaggerated behaviour” had the weighted ratio less than 0.5. Conclusion: Not all defining characteristics of nursing diagnosis Deficient Knowledge found in NANDA-International classification system are equally significant for chosen sample of Slovak nurses to determine this nursing diagnosis., Renáta Zeleníková, Katarína Žiaková, and Literatura 16
Cieľ: Cieľom práce bolo zistiť, aký vplyv má bolesť na vybrané dimenzie ţivota pacientov v domácom prostredí, medzi ktoré patrí nálada, vzťah k iným ľuďom, radosť zo ţivota, spánok. Metodika: Súbor tvorilo 144 respondentov (91 ţien a 53 muţov) v podmienkach domáceho prostredia vo veku od 29 do 97 rokov v siedmich samosprávnych krajoch Slovenska. Zber údajov prebiehal v období november 2008 aţ január 2009. V rámci realizácie zberu údajov bol pouţitý štandardizovaný dotazník BPI (Brief Pain Inventory). Výsledky boli vyhodnotené jednorozmernou deskriptívnou štatistikou. Výsledky: Prítomnosť bolesti v skúmanej vzorke negatívne ovplyvňuje náladu, spánok a radosť zo ţivota viac u muţov ako u ţien. U ţien viac ovplyvňuje bolesť vzťah k iným ľuďom ako u muţov. Štatistickým spracovaním nebola zistená signifikantná súvislosť medzi premennými: nálada – pohlavie (p = 0,387), vzťah k iným ľuďom – pohlavie (p = 0,876), spánok – pohlavie (p = 0,065), radosť zo ţivota – pohlavie (p = 0,238). Záver: Bolesť výrazne ovplyvňuje vybrané dimenzie ţivota pacientov v domácom prostredí, čo vedie k širokej škále negatívnych emocionálnych reakcií a prejavov, ktoré môţu zintenzívňovať bolesť. Pravidelné hodnotenie vplyvu bolesti na jednotlivé dimenzie ţivota pacientov prispieva veľkou mierou taktieţ ku kvalitnej komunikácií medzi sestrou pracujúcou v domácom prostredí a pacientom zaloţenou na vzájomnej dôvere., Aim: The aim of our work was to determine the impact on pain in selected domains of life of patients in home care in terms of their mood, relationship to other people, joy of life and sleep. Methods: 144 respondents (91 women and 53 men aged from 29 to 97) in home care were randomly selected to make up the sample in 7 Slovak municipalities. The data collection was gathered from November 2008 to January 2009 using brief Pain Inventory. The results were evaluated by one-dimensional descriptive statistics. Results: The presence of pain among the respondents negatively influences the spirits, sleep and joy of life; more among men than women. Pain affects relationship to other people more among women than men. Statistical analysis showed no significant correlation between variables: spirits - sex (p = 0.387), relationship to other people – sex (p = 0.876), sleep – sex (p = 0.065), the joy of life - sex (p = 0.238). Conclusion: Pain has a significant impact in selected domains of patient`s life in home care leading to a wide range of negative emotions and behavior that could intensify the pain. Regular assessment of the pain impact in selected dimensions of patient`s live influences the quality of communication between nurse working in home care and a patient that is based on mutual trust., Mária Kožuchová, and Literatura 24
The risk of high-grade lesions and carcinoma is known to correlate with specific high-risk HPV genotypes. The distribution of HPV types varies between countries and little is known about HPV distribution in our country. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the range and frequency of HPV genotypes in studied group of women in Montenegro. HPV genotypes were determined using the method of enzyme restriction of PCR products amplified with group-specific primers MY09/MY11 and restricted with seven different restriction endonucleases. Out of the total number of women HPV infection was found in 1/5 of participants (20%). Genotyping performed in HPV DNA positive women shows that the HPV genotype 16 is dominant and present in more than 1/3 of the participants (36.8%). The second most frequent HPV infection is with HPV genotype 58 and it is found in 10.5% of participants. HPV 31 and HPV 6 infections are present in 7.9% of women, while infections with other genotypes were demonstrated individually by 2.6%. Multiple HPV infection was demonstrated in 18.4% and they are dominant in younger women (aged 25 to 30 years)., Danijela Vujošević, Vineta Vuksanović, Mario Poljak, Nebojša Jokmanović, and Literatura 21
Cíl: Cílem šetření bylo zjistit, jak studenti ošetřovatelství hodnotí svoji klinickou praxi, spolupráci s mentorem, jaké aspekty ovlivňují jejich spokojenost s praxí a jak se hodnocení praxe liší na jednotlivých odděleních. Metodika: Výzkumný soubor zahrnoval 59 studentů druhého a třetího ročníku oboru všeobecná sestra. Dotazníkové šetření bylo realizováno standardizovaným nástrojem pro hodnocení klinické výukové prostředí a supervize CLES (Saarikoski, 2002) po absolvované klinické praxi studentů (2008). Výsledky: Byly potvrzeny rozdíly v hodnocení supervize a klinického výukového prostředí vzhledem k typu oddělení, kdy interní oddělení byla studenty hodnocena kladněji. Studenti hodnotili nejvyššími známkami dimenzi ošetřovatelská péče na oddělení, nejhůře pak vztah mezi mentorem a studentem. Současně byly potvrzeny pozitivní korelace mezi celkovou spokojeností studentů a jejich hodnocením. Statisticky významné vztahy byly identifikovány mezi zátěží sester na oddělení a hodnocením studentů – s vyšší fyzickou zátěží sester byla supervize a klinické výukové pracoviště hodnoceno kladněji. Závěr: Výsledky šetření ukazují na význam supervize a kvalitního klinického výukového prostředí pro ošetřovatelské praxe. Praktická výuka tvoří významnou část vzdělávacího programu sester, a proto je nezbytné sledovat zkušenosti a reflexe studentů., Objective: The aim of this study was to find out how nursing students evaluate their clinical practice, co-operation with the mentor, what aspects affects their satisfaction with the practice and how the evaluation of practice varies from wards. Methods: The sample comprised of 59 nursing students of the second and third year of study. The survey was realized by standardized Clinical Learning Environment and Supervision instrument CLES (Saarikoski, 2002) after the completion of students clinical practice (2008). Results: Differences were confirmed in the evaluation of the supervision and clinical learning environment depending on the type of wards, when the internal wards were evaluated by students more favourably. Students rated the dimension of nursing care at the word the highest marks, the lowest was rated the relationship between mentors and students. At the same time were confirmed positive correlations between students’ overall satisfaction and their evaluation. Statistically significant relationship were identified between the nurses´ workload in the wards and students´ assessment – with the higher workload of nurses was the supervision and clinical learning environment evaluated more favourably. Conclusion: The results of survey show the importance of clinical supervision and quality of clinical learning environment for nursing practice. Practical training forms an important part of nursing study programme, and therefore is necessary to monitor students´ experiences and their reflection., Eliška Skřivánková, and Literatura 13
Neil M. Khilnani, Clement J. Grassi, Sanjoy Kundu, Horacio R. D´Agostino, Arshad Ahmed Khan, J. Kevin McGraw, Donald L. Miller, Steven F. Millward, Robert B. Osnis, Darren Postoak, Cindy Kaiser Saiter, Marc S. Schwartzberg, Timothy L. Swan, Suresh Vedantham, Bret N. Wiechmann, Laura Crocetti, John F. Cardella, Robert J. Min and Literatura 87
Cieľ: Cieľom výskumu bolo u detí s bronchiálnou astmou zistiť vplyv ochorenia a stupňa kontroly astmy na kvalitu života dieťaťa a kvalitu života jeho rodičov. Metodika: Na zber empirických údajov sme použili štandardizované dotazníky na kvalitu života – Paediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ) a Paediatric Asthma Caregiver´s Quality of Life Questionnaire (PACQLQ) a na hodnotenie kontroly astmy – Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ). Výsledky boli analyzované pomocou metód deskriptívnej a induktívnej štatistiky. Výsledky: Vo vzorke detí (n = 72) sme zistili, že 27 (37,5 %) detí malo astmu pod kontrolou a 28 detí (38,9 %) bolo v pásme nekontrolovanej astmy. Celkové skóre ACQ (1,24 ±1,07) potvrdilo stredný stupeň kontroly astmy. Celkové skóre dotazníka PAQLQ u detí bolo 5,34 ±1,16, čo indikuje, že deti s astmou vyjadrujú dobrú kvalitu života. U detí ochorenie viac vplývalo na aktivity ako na emocionálne prežívanie a výskyt symptómov. Celkové skóre dotazníka PACQLQ u rodičov bolo 4,53 ±1,07, u rodičov nebol zaznamenaný rozdiel v doménach emocionálne prežívanie a aktivity. Výskum potvrdil, že stupeň kontroly astmy štatisticky významne ovplyvňuje kvalitu života dieťaťa aj jeho rodičov, pričom čím je vyššia kvalita života dieťaťa, tým je vyššia kvalita života rodičov. Záver: Cieľom komplexného manažmentu liečby je dosiahnuť čo najoptimálnejší stupeň kontroly astmy, a tým vytvoriť predpoklady k vyššej kvalite života dieťaťa a jeho rodičov. Využívaním posudzovacích nástrojov na hodnotenie kvality života je možné identifikovať závažný dopad choroby na každodenný život detí aj rodičov., Aim: The aim of the research was to find out the impact of the disease and the degree of asthma control on quality of life in children with bronchial asthma and quality of life in their parents. Methods: To collect empirical data we have used standardized questionnaires concerning quality of life – Paediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ) and Paediatric Asthma Caregiver’s Quality of Life Questionnaire (PACQLQ) and for the assessment of asthma control we have used questionnaire Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ). The results were analysed using the methods of descriptive and inductive statistics. Results: In the sample of children studied (n = 72) we have found that 27 children (37.5%) have their disease under control and 28 children (38.9%) were in the range of uncontrolled asthma. Total ACQ score (1.24±1.07) confirmed medium degree of asthma control (partially controlled asthma). Total score of PAQLQ questionnaire in children (5.34±1.16) indicates that children with asthma represent good quality of life. Bronchial asthma in children had more significant influence on activities than on emotions and incidence of symptoms. Total score of PACQLQ questionnaire in parents was 4.53 ±1.07 and we have not registered differences between domains of emotions and activities. The research has proved that degree of asthma control has statistically significant influence on the quality of life of the child and his parents, whilst the higher the quality of life of the child, the higher the quality of life of parents. Conclusion: The aim of comprehensive management of asthma therapy is to achieve the most optimal level of asthma control and thus to establish conditions for higher quality of live of the child and his parents. Making use of assessment tools to evaluate the quality of life it is possible to identify a significant impact of the disease on the everyday lives of children as well as parents., Anna Ovšonková, Iveta Plavnická, Miloš Jeseňák, and Literatura 17