Cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of mortality and morbidity in most populations. As the traditional modifiable risk factors (smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and obesity) were defined decades ago, we decided to analyze recent data in patients who survived acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The Czech part of the study included data from 999 males, and compared them with the post-MONICA study (1,259 males, representing general population). The Lithuanian study included 479 male patients and 456 age-matched controls. The Kazakhstan part included 232 patients and 413 controls. In two countries, the most robust ACS risk factor was smoking (OR 3.85 in the Czech study and 5.76 in the Lithuanian study), followed by diabetes (OR 2.26 and 2.07) and hypertension (moderate risk elevation with OR 1.43 and 1.49). These factors did not influence the ACS risk in Kazakhstan. BMI had no significant effect on ACS and plasma cholesterol was surprisingly significantly lower (P<0.001) in patients than in controls in all countries (4.80 ±1.11 vs. 5.76 ±1.06 mmol /l in Czechs; 5.32 ±1.32 vs. 5.71 ±1.08 mmol /l in Lithuanians; 4.88 ±1.05 vs. 5.38±1.13 mmol /l in Kazakhs/Russians). Results from our study indicate substantial heterogeneity regarding major CVD risk factors in different populations with the exception of plasma total cholesterol which was inversely associated with ACS risk in all involved groups. These data reflect ethnical and geographical differences as well as changing pattern of cardiovascular risk profiles., J. A. Hubacek, V. Stanek, M. Gebauerova, V. Adamkova, V. Lesauskaite, D. Zaliaduonyte-Peksiene, A. Tamosiunas, A. Supiyev, A. Kossumov, A. Zhumadilova, J. Pitha., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Diabetes mellitus 2 (DM2) is the seventh cause of death worldwide. One of the reasons is late diagnosis of vascular damage. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) has become an independent marker of arterial stiffness and cardiovascular risk. Moreover, the previous studies have shown the importance of beat-to-beat PWV measurement due to its variability among the heart cycle. However, variability of PWV (PWVv) of the whole body hasn't been examined yet. We have studied a group of DM II and heathy volunteers, to investigate the beat-to-beat mean PWV (PWVm) and PWVv in the different body positions. PWV of left lower and upper extremities were measured in DM2 (7 m/8 f, age 68±10 years, BP 158/90±19/9 mm Hg) and healthy controls (5 m/6 f, age 23±2 years, BP 117/76±9/5 mm Hg). Volunteers were lying in the resting position and of head-up-tilt in 45° (HUT) for 6 min. PWVv was evaluated as a mean power spectrum in the frequency bands LF and HF (0.04-0.15 Hz, 0.15-0.5 Hz). Resting PWVm of upper extremity was higher in DM2. HUT increased lower extremity PWVm only in DM2. Extremities PWVm ratio was significantly lower in DM2 during HUT compared to controls. LF and HF PWVv had the same response to HUT. Resting PWVv was higher in DM2. Lower extremity PWVv increased during HUT in both groups. PWVm and PWVv in DM2 differed between extremities and were significantly influenced by postural changes due to hydrostatic pressure. Increased resting PWVm and PWVv in DM2 is a marker of increased arterial stiffness.
Aims of the study were to compare the development of electrocardiographic responses of the ischemia-induced heterogeneities of activation and repolarization in the ventricular myocardium of normal and diabetic animals. Body surface ECGs and unipolar electrograms in 64 epicardial leads were recorded before and during 20 min after the ligation of the left anterior descending artery in diabetic (alloxan model, 4 weeks, n=8) and control (n=8) rabbits. Activation times (ATs), end of repolarization times (RTs) and repolarization durations (activation-recovery intervals, ARIs) were determined in ischemic and periischemic zones. In contrast to the controls, the diabetic rabbits demonstrated the significant prolongation of ATs and shortening of ARIs (P<0.05) during ischemia in the affected region resulting in the development and progressive increase of the ARI and RT gradients across the ischemic zone boundary. The alterations of global and local dispersions of the RTs in diabetics correlated with the Tpeak-Tend interval changes in the limb leads ECGs. In the ischemic conditions, the diabetic animals differed from the controls by the activation delay, significant repolarization duration shortening, and the increase of local repolarization dispersion; the latter could be assessed by the Tpeak-Tend interval measurements in the body surface ECGs., K. A. Sedova, M. A. Vaykshnorayte, A. O. Ovechkin, P. Kneppo, O. G. Bernikova, V. A. Vityazev, J. E. Azarov., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Studie IMPROVE-IT prokázala, že přidání 10 mg ezetimibu ke 40 mg simvastatinu u nemocných po akutním koronárním syndromu nejen dále snižuje jejich hladinu LDL-cholesterolu, ale statisticky významně snižuje i počet kardiovaskulárních příhod. Nedávno zveřejněná subanalýza této studie se pak zaměřila na to, zda z výše uvedené kombinace léků profitují více nemocní s diabetes mellitus nebo pacienti bez diabetu. V souboru diabetiků, kteří byli zařazeni do studie IMPROVE-IT, vedlo přidání ezetimibu k simvastatinu k většímu aditivnímu poklesu LDL-cholesterolu než u nemocných bez diabetu. U nemocných s diabetes mellitus se současně statisticky významně snížila jejich kardiovaskulární morbidita a mortalita, snížení těchto klinických cílů v souboru nemocných bez diabetu nenabylo statistické významnosti. Klíčová slova: diabetes mellitus – ezetimib – LDL-cholesterol – simvastatin, IMPROVE-IT study demonstrated that the addition 10 mg of ezetimibe to 40 mg of simvastatin in patients after acute coronary syndrome reduces significantly not only their LDL-cholesterol, but also the number of cardiovascular events. Recently published subanalysis of this study was focused on whether these combinations of drugs is more preferable for patients with diabetes mellitus or for patients without diabetes. The addition of ezetimibe to a simvastatin resulted in a greater decline of LDL-cholesterol level in diabetic group than in patients without diabetes. In patients with diabetes mellitus their cardiovascular morbidity and mortality were decreased significantly; reduction of these clinical end-points in the group of patients without diabetes were not statistically significant. Key words: diabetes mellitus – ezetimibe – LDL-cholesterol – simvastatin, and Vladimír Soška
Článek se zabývá kožními změnami asociovanými s diabetes mellitus, podává přehled o mykotických onemocněních kůže a sliznic u diabetiků a jednotce necrobiosis lipoidica, Article reviews some skin and mucosal lesions associated with diabetes mellitus with focus on skin fungal infections and necrobiosis lipoidica., and Miloslav Salavec, Marie Šimková
C-reaktivní protein (CRP) je citlivý marker zánětu, jehož hladiny se zvyšují u jedinců s diabetem a metabolickým syndromem v souvislosti s rozvojem subklinického zánětu. Ukazují se možnosti využití stanovení hladin CRP jako indikátoru potenciálního rizika onemocnění metabolickým syndromem nebo aterosklerózou na podkladě rozvoje inzulínové rezistence. Práce ověřuje koncentrace C-reaktivního proteinu u vybraných skupin jedinců a jejich korelace s parametry typickými pro inzulínovou rezistenci. Byly studovány skupiny zdravých jedinců (A, n=126), jedinců s obezitou (B, n=213) a jedinců s diagnózou metabolického syndromu (C, n=79). Jedinci s obezitou ve skupině B mají parametry svědčící pro počínající inzulínovou rezistenci: hypertenzi, hyperglykemii, QUICKI (0,305), nižší adiponektinemii a vyšší aFABP ve srovnání se skupinou zdravých. Jedinci ve skupině C mají diagnózu metabolického syndromu, čemuž odpovídají markery inzulínové rezistence QUICKI (0,293), více se snižující adiponektinemie (7,3 mg/l) a vysoké aFABP (35,3 mg/l). Koncentrace CRP je ve skupině zdravých A nejnižší (0,75 mg/l), ve skupině obézních B se zvyšuje (2,65 mg/l) a ve skupině C s metabolickým syndromem je nejvyšší (3,62 mg/l). Největší korelace je mezi CRP a aFABP (0,46) a dále pak mezi aFABP a Body Mass Index (BMI) (0,57). Na patofyziologii rozvoje inzulínové rezistence se podílí subklinická zánětlivá reakce, vyjádřená hlavně ve viscerální tukové tkáni. U obézních jedinců byly stanoveny koncentrace CRP odlišné od zdravých jedinců, které se přibližují k hladině 3 mg/l označované za rizikovou. Jedinci s metabolickým syndromem vykazovali hodnoty CRP rizikové. Přítomnost obezity v asociaci se zvýšením hladiny CRP je považováno za významný rizikový faktor postupného rozvoje metabolického syndromu., C-reactive protein (CRP) is a sensitive marker of inflammation. It has been shown to be potentially useful as an indicator for predicting the risk of metabolic syndrome, based on the development of insulin resistance. The study verified CRP levels in selected groups of individuals and their correlations with parameters typical for insulin resistance. The following groups were studied: healthy individuals (A, n=126), obese individuals (B, n=213) and patients diagnosed with metabolic syndrome (C, n=79). Obese persons in Group B had parameters suggestive of early insulin resistance: hypertension, hyperglycaemia, QUICKI (0.305), lower adiponectin and higher aFABP levels as compared with the healthy subjects. Group C individuals were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome, as evidenced by the QUICKI markers for insulin resistance (0.293), much lower adiponectin (7.3 mg/L) and high aFABP levels (35.3 mg/L). CRP concentrations were lowest in Group A healthy individuals (0.75 mg/L), higher in Group B obese subjects (2.65 mg/L) and highest in Group C patients with metabolic syndrome (3.62 mg/L). The highest correlations were between CRP and aFABP (0.46) and between aFABP and Body Mass Index (0.57). The pathophysiology of insulin resistance is contributed to by subclinical inflammatory reaction, mainly expressed in visceral adipose tissue. Obese individuals were found to have CRP concentrations different from those in healthy individuals, approaching the level of 3 mg/L, known as the risk level. Individuals with metabolic syndrome had risk CRP levels. The presence of obesity in association with increased CRP levels is considered a significant predictor of the gradual development of metabolic syndrome., Dagmar Horáková, Helena Kollárová, Kateřina Azeem, Vladimír Janout, and Literatura 16
Jednou ze závažných oblastí projevů diabetes mellitus (DM) je muskuloskeletální systém. Tyto projevy významně zhoršují kvalitu života pacientů, proto jsou předmětem intenzivní diagnostiky a léčby. Významné místo v diagnostickém algoritmu zaujímají zobrazovací metody, jak RTG snímek, tak výpočetní tomografie (CT) a magnetická rezonance (MRI), v malé míře i ultrasonografie (USG). Článek podává přehled muskuloskeletálních (MSK) projevů a komplikací DM rozčleněných na přímé projevy DM, důsledky metabolických změn DM, přidružené syndromy se zvýšenou incidencí u DM a zánětlivé komplikace. Článek předkládá zobrazení časných změn, pokročilých změn, na sérii RTG snímků zachycuje vývoj patologických změn. Patofyziologie vzniku daných změn je zmíněna spíše okrajově, protože není náplní radiodiagnostiky. Závěrem je konstatováno, že na RTG pracovištích sloužících interním klinikám se jedná o častou indikaci zobrazení, že každou ze zobrazovacích metod je třeba využívat cíleně a že v mnoha ohledech nález ovlivňuje další léčbu pacienta, avšak že v některých diagnostických otázkách, zejména zánětlivých komplikací diabetické nohy, je stále ještě jednoznačná a spolehlivá interpretace zobrazeného nálezu problematická., The musculoskeletal system is one of the major regions, where changes caused by diabetes mellitus (DM) are often encountered causing severe impairment of the quality of patients´ lives. These changes have therefore become an important focus of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, with imaging methods – both plain radiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to a lesser extent ultrasound (US), being their cornerstones. In the article the images of musculoskeletal (MSK) manifestations of diabetes mellitus are presented, structured into changes directly caused by DM, metabolic consequences of DM, syndromes with increased coincidence with DM and septic complications. The CT, MRI and radiographic images of both initial and extensive changes are being displayed as well as evolution of the changes in a radiographic series. The concerning pathophysiologic remarks are only basic, as they are not the primary focus of radiodiagnostics. In conclusion it is stated, that imaging of the MSK system in diabetic patients is a large issue in radiologic units serving internal medicine departments, that the imaging methods should be applied specifically and that the radiologic findings influence further management of the patients in many respects, but also, that in some diagnostic questions, namely concerning septic complications of the diabetic foot, a fully reliable and unequivocal interpretation is not always possible., and Jindra Brtková