There is an overlap of carrier-mediated L-amino acid transport and apparent simple diffusion when measured in intestinal brush border membrane vesicles. Using L-threonine and L-glutamine as representative amino acids, this study was undertaken to estimate apparent simple diffusion of L-amino acids and to establish the effective dosage of HgCl2 for completely blocking carrier-mediated L-amino acid transport in porcine jejunal enterocyte brush border membrane vesicles. Jejunal mucosa was scraped from three pigs weighing 26 kg. Enterocyte brush border membrane vesicles, with an average enrichment of 24-fold in sucrase specific activity, were prepared by Mg2+-precipitation and differential centrifugation. In vitro uptake was measured by the fast filtration manual procedure. HgCl2 blocked the carrier-mediated initial transport of L-threonine and L-glutamine under Na+-gradient condition in a dose-dependent manner. At the minimal concentration of 0.165 mmol HgCl2 mg-1 protein, carrier-mediated L-threonine and L-glutamine transport was completely inhibited. The apparent L-threonine and L-glutamine diffusion was estimated to be 8.6±0.7 and 12.4±1.0 % of the total uptake at the substrate concentrations of 5 mM (L-threonine) and 50 mM (L-glutamine). Therefore, the treatment of porcine brush border membrane vesicles with a minimum of 0.165 mmol HgCl2 mg-1 protein completely blocks carrier-mediated L-amino acid transport and enables the direct estimation of apparent L-amino acid diffusion in enterocyte brush border membrane vesicles., M. Z. Fan, O. Adeola, E. K. Asem., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The diffusion of neuroactive substances in the extracellular space (ECS) plays an important role in short- and long-distance communication between nerve cells and is the underlying mechanism of extrasynaptic (volume) transmission. The diffusion properties of the ECS are described by three parameters: 1. ECS volume fraction α (α = ECS volume/ total tissue volume), 2. tortuosity λ (λ2 = free /apparent diffusion coefficient), reflecting the presence of diffusion barriers represented by, e.g., fine neuronal and glial processes or extracellular matrix molecules and 3. nonspecific uptake k’. These diffusion parameters differ in various brain regions, and diffusion in the CNS is therefore inhomogeneous. Moreover, diffusion barriers may channel the migration of molecules in the ECS, so that diffusion is facilitated in a certain direction, i.e. diffusion in certain brain regions is anisotropic. Changes in the diffusion parameters have been found in many physiological and pathological states in which cell swelling, glial remodeling and extracellular matrix changes are key factors influencing diffusion. Changes in ECS volume, tortuosity and anisotropy significantly affect the accumulation and diffusion of neuroactive substances in the CNS and thus extrasynaptic transmission, neuron-glia communication, transmitter „spillover“ and synaptic cross-talk as well as cell migration, drug delivery and treatment., L. Vargová, E. Syková., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliiografické odkazy
In this study, analytical models for predicting groundwater contamination in isotropic and homogeneous porous formations are derived. The impact of dispersion and diffusion coefficients is included in the solution of the advection-dispersion equation (ADE), subjected to transient (time-dependent) boundary conditions at the origin. A retardation factor and zero-order production terms are included in the ADE. Analytical solutions are obtained using the Laplace Integral Transform Technique (LITT) and the concept of linear isotherm. For illustration, analytical solutions for linearly space- and time-dependent hydrodynamic dispersion coefficients along with molecular diffusion coefficients are presented. Analytical solutions are explored for the Peclet number. Numerical solutions are obtained by explicit finite difference methods and are compared with analytical solutions. Numerical results are analysed for different types of geological porous formations i.e., aquifer and aquitard. The accuracy of results is evaluated by the root mean square error (RMSE).
During 30-40 years of the tailing existence large amounts of heavy metals were leached from the sludge and accumulated in the clay bottom. Low permeability of the clayey bottom below the sludge deposit indicates that vertical contaminant transport will take place as result of diffusion. Diffusion as physical process is described by Fickian empirical relation that can be used for prediction of the contaminant transport development at time. The paper presents model solution applied with an example of the vertical transport of two heavy metals - lead and zinc - in natural clay base of Lintich sludge deposit. Results confirm that diffusion is very slow process from time-scale aspect, but diffusive flux of heavy metals after reaching steady state is quite large. and Počas 30-40 ročnej existencie odkaliska Banská Štiavnica - Lintich sa z ''kalu'' vylúhovali veľké množstvá ťažkých kovov a následne sa akumulovali v ílovom podloží. Nízka priepustnosť ílového podložia pod odkaliskom indikuje, že dominantným transportným mechanizmom bude difúzia. Difúziu ako fyzikálny proces možno opísať pomocou Fickovho empirického vzťahu, ktorý sa dá použiť na posúdenie vývoja migrácie kontaminantov v čase. V príspevku bolo modelované riešenie použité na príklade vertikálneho transportu dvojice ťažkých kovov - olova a zinku - v prirodzenom ílovom podloží odkaliska Lintich. Výsledky potvrdzujú, že z časového hľadiska je difúzia pomalý proces, avšak difúzny tok ťažkých kovov po dosiahnutí času ''prieniku'' ílovej bariery je značne veľký.
Tento referativní článek se zabývá základními metodami výpočtu difuzních koeficientů a shrnuje výsledky, které byly dosaženy ve Fyzikálním ústavu AV ČR. Povrchová difuze na reálných površích je poměrně složitý jev a není snadné jej interpretovat. V nehomogenních systémech vykazují závislosti koeficientů na pokrytí dodatečná lokální maxima, nebo skokový charakter. Přítomnost schodů na povrchu ovlivňuje orientaci uspořádaných struktur. Nerovnovážné podmínky pak mají za následek časovou závislost difuzního koeficientu a dočasné lokální extrémy v závislosti na pokrytí., Zdeněk Chvoj, Martin Mašín., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The article presents the mathematical model non-homogenous, isotropic environment, where is possible to create various types of flows (the chemical reaction flow, the diffusion flow, the heat flow, the electromagnetic flow). and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Two elementary processes - unaxial compression and creep - were chosen to demonstrate some structural effects in the mechanical behaviour of particulate materials. Six aspects of it - density, grain crushing, angularity, water effect, diffusion and garlandlike creep - were dealt with using firstly theoretical hypotheses and verifying them afterwards by laboratory experiments. Granular clay, silica gel, sand and oat flakes were experimented with. It was shown that the effect of density can be masked by other factors, granulometrical curve may change - due to grain crushing - its shape from Gauss-Laplace to concave form, angularity may radically modify the stress-strain curves, water may initiate hydrocollapses, dry granular material if loaded may be subjected to diffusion and creep may acquire a hybrid form (mixture of diffusion and garlandlike varieties). Various species of nonstandard behaviour have been described. and Obsahuje seznam literatury