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922. Hormonálne zmeny pri chronických zápalových chorobách čreva

Creator:
Kollerová, Jana, Koller, Tomáš, Hlavatý, Tibor, and Payer, Juraj
Format:
print, text, and regular print
Type:
model:article, article, Text, přehledy, and TEXT
Subject:
dítě, dospělí, lidé, mladiství, Crohnova nemoc--komplikace, idiopatické střevní záněty--komplikace, ulcerózní kolitida--komplikace, nemoci endokrinního systému--etiologie--komplikace, pohlavní hormony, hypogonadismus--etiologie, infertilita--etiologie, puberta opožděná--etiologie, poruchy růstu--etiologie--farmakoterapie, lidský růstový hormon--terapeutické užití, glukokortikoidy--škodlivé účinky, metabolické nemoci kostí--etiologie, and nemoci štítné žlázy--etiologie
Language:
Czech, Slovak, and English
Description:
Chronické zápalové choroby čreva (inflammatory bowel disease – IBD) vyvolávajú v organizme početné extraintestinálne prejavy, a to v dôsledku spoločnej etiopatogenézy, chronického systémového zápalu, častých porúch výživy a liečby. Jedným z prejavov sú i zmeny endokrinného systému. Interakcia je vzájomná, Crohnova choroba a ulcerózna kolitída spôsobujú funkčné a morfologické zmeny endokrinne aktívnych orgánov, na druhej strane endokrinné funkčné poruchy často negatívne zasahujú do priebehu črevnej choroby. V článku rozoberáme súvis IBD s produkciou pohlavných hormónov a fertilitou, súvis s adrenálnou funkciou, funkciou a morfológiou štítnej žľazy, produkciou rastového hormónu a poruchami rastu u detí, a znížením kostnej denzity. Táto téma nie je v mnohých aspektoch dostatočne preskúmaná a vyžaduje ďalšie analýzy a objasnenia. Kľúčové slová: Crohnova choroba – endokrinný systém – ulcerózna kolitída – zápalové choroby čreva, Inflammatory bowel disease is often accompanied by extraintestinal manifestations due to a common autoimmune etiopathogenesis, chronic systemic inflammation, frequent nutrition deficits, and the treatment. Endocrine system changes belong to manifestations too. Interaction is mutual, Crohn´s disease and ulcerative colitis cause functional and morphological changes of endocrine tissues. On the other hand the endocrine disorders negatively influence the course of bowel disease. In the article we analyze correlation of IBD with gonadal hormone production and fertility, with adrenal function, with the function and morphology of the thyroid, with growth hormone production and growth disorders in children, and with bone mineral density reduction. This topic is not studied enough and needs more analysis and clarification. Key words: Crohn´s disease – endocrine system – inflammatory bowel disease – ulcerative colitis, and Jana Kollerová, Tomáš Koller, Tibor Hlavatý, Juraj Payer
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

923. How choice blindness vindicates wholeheartedness

Creator:
Kirkeby-Hinrup, Asger
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
choice blindness, decisions, free will, Harry Frankfurt, and wholeheartedness
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Recently the account of free will proposed by Harry Frankfurt has come under attack. It has been argued that Frankfurt’s notion of wholeheartedness is in conflict with prevalent intuitions about free will and should be abandoned. I will argue that empirical data from choice blindness experiments can vindicate Frankfurt’s notion of wholeheartedness. The choice blindness phenomenon exposes that individuals fail to track their own decisions and readily take ownership of, and confabulate reasons for, decisions they did not make. Traditionally this has been taken to be problem for the notion of free will. I argue that Frankfurt’s account does not face this problem. Instead, choice blindness can be fruitfully applied to it, and vice versa. Frankfurt’s notion of wholeheartedness, I suggest, delineates the range of the choice blindness effect. This makes wholeheartedness a useful meta-theoretical concept for choice blindness research. I conclude that, pace the recent criticism, wholeheartedness is a useful notion and should not be abandoned., Nedávno byl napaden útok na svobodnou vůli, který navrhl Harry Frankfurt. To bylo argumentoval, že Frankfurt je představa o bezstarostnosti je v konfliktu s převládajícími intuicemi o svobodné vůli a should být opuštěný. Tvrdím, že empirická data z vybraných experimentů slepoty mohou obhájit frankfurtský pojem celistvosti. Fenomén slepé selekce odhaluje, že jednotlivci nedokážou sledovat svá vlastní rozhodnutí a snadno se chopit odpovědnosti za rozhodnutí, která neučinili. Tradičně to bylo považováno za problém pro pojetí svobodné vůle. Tvrdím, že frankfurtský účet tento problém neřeší. Namísto toho může být na něj vhodně aplikována slepota a naopak. Navrhuji, aby frankfurtský pojem celistvosti vymezil rozsah efektu slepoty. To činí z celého srdce užitečný meta teoretický koncept pro výběr výzkumu slepoty. Uzavírám to,tempo nedávné kritiky, bezúhonnost je užitečná představa a neměla by být opuštěna., and Asger Kirkeby-Hinrup
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

924. How is vicarious feeling possible? In defense of reactive attitudes

Creator:
Yang, Sunny
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
collective guilt, indignation, reactive attitude, responsibility, and vicarious feeling
Language:
Slovak
Description:
My aim in this paper is to illuminate the question of how vicarious feeling is possible, by advancing our understanding of vicarious emotions. I address this problem by classifying the reactive attitude into two categories: the vicarious, and the self-reactive. I argue that guilt is constitutively tied to personal responsibility and that the appropriateness of vicarious feeling of group harm derives from a reflection on the appropriateness of our own reactive attitude, that is, vicarious reactive attitude, e.g., indignation or outrage.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

925. How not to argue about the compatibility of predictive processing and 4E cognition

Creator:
Recep Başoğlu, Yavuz
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
4E cognition, embodied cognition, free-energy principle, mental representation, predictive processing, and representation wars
Language:
Slovak
Description:
In theories of cognition, 4E approaches to cognition are seen to refrain from employing robust representations in contrast to Predictive Process, where such posits are utilized extensively. Despite this notable dissimilarity with regard to pos-its they employ in explaining certain cognitive phenomena, it has been repeatedly argued that they are in fact compatible. As one may expect, these arguments mostly end up contending either that Predictive Process is actually nonrepresentational or that 4E approaches are representational. In this paper, I will argue that such arguments are inadequate for the indicated purpose for several reasons: the variety of representational posits in Predictive Process, the diverse attitudes of practitioners of 4E approaches toward representations and the unconstrained use of the term “representation” in cognitive science. Hence, here I will try to demonstrate that any single argument, if it depends on representational 4E approaches or nonrepresentational Predictive Process, falls short of encompassing this heterogeneity in pertinent debates. Then, I will analyze similar arguments provided by Jacob Hohwy and Michael Kirchhoff to illustrate how destructive this seemingly ordinary criticism is.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

926. How to make the concepts clear: Searle’s discussion with Derrida

Creator:
Koblížek, Tomáš
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
background, concept, speaker’s meaning, linguistic meaning, utterance, pozadí, pojem, lingvistický význam, mluvčí význam, and promluva
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The first part of the paper deals with the key question of the Searle-Derrida debate, namely, with the question of conceptual ''exactness'' and applicability of concepts to facts. I argue that Derrida makes a strict distinction between the exactness in the realm of concepts and the exactness in the realm of facts. Supposing that it is not correct to argue against him - as Searle does - that concepts cannot be exact because there are no strict boundaries between facts. The second part of the paper deals with a distinction used by John Searle: The distinction between linguistic meaning and speaker’s meaning. According to Searle linguistic meaning is constituted outside a particular context of use whereas speaker’s meaning is embedded in a particular situation. I argue this distinction is problematic as far as any meaning is constituted in a particular utterance and in a particular context of use., První část práce se zabývá klíčovou otázkou debaty Searle-Derrida, konkrétně otázkou konceptuální ,,přesnosti'' a aplikovatelnosti konceptů na fakta. Tvrdím, že Derrida rozlišuje mezi přesností v oblasti pojmů a přesností v oblasti faktů. Předpokládejme, že není správné argumentovat proti němu - jak to dělá Searle -, že pojmy nemohou být přesné, protože mezi fakty neexistují striktní hranice. Druhá část práce se zabývá rozlišením, které používá John Searle: Rozlišení mezi jazykovým významem a významem mluvčího. Podle Searle je lingvistický význam vytvořen mimo konkrétní kontext použití, zatímco význam mluvčího je zakotven v určité situaci., and Tomáš Koblížek
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

927. How to reconstruct a thought experiment

Creator:
Picha, Marek
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
argumentative reconstruction, eliminativism, epistemic power, Galileo, and thought experiment
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The paper is a contribution to the debate on the epistemological status of thought experiments. I deal with the epistemological uniqueness of experiments in the sense of their irreducibility to other sources of justification. In particular, I criticize an influential argument for the irreducibility of thought experiments to general arguments. First, I introduce the radical empiricist theory of eliminativism, which considers thought experiments to be rhetorically modified arguments, uninteresting from the epistemological point of view. Second, I present objections to the theory, focusing on the critique of eliminativism by Tamar Szabó Gendler based on the reconstruction of Galileo’s famous Pisa experiment. I show that her reconstruction is simplistic and that a more elaborate reconstruction is needed for an appropriate assess-ment of the epistemic power of general argument. I propose such a reconstruction and demonstrate that the general version of the Pisa experiment is epistemically equal to the particular one. Thus, from an epistemological perspective, Galileo’s thought experiment is reducible to a straightforward argument without particular premises., Příspěvek je příspěvkem do debaty o epistemologickém stavu experimentů myšlení. Zabývám se epistemologickou jedinečností experimentů ve smyslu jejich neredukovatelnosti na jiné zdroje ospravedlnění. Zvláště kritizuji vlivný argument pro ireducibilitu myšlenkových experimentů k obecným argumentům. Nejprve představuji radikální empirickou teorii eliminativismu, která považuje myšlenkové experimenty za rétoricky modifikované argumenty, nezajímavé z epistemologického hlediska. Za druhé, předkládám námitky proti teorii, zaměřené na kritiku eliminativismu Tamara Szabó Gendlera na základě rekonstrukce slavného experimentu v Pise v Galileu. Ukazuji, že její rekonstrukce je zjednodušující a že je zapotřebí propracovanější rekonstrukce pro vhodné posouzení epistemické moci obecného argumentu. Navrhuji takovou rekonstrukci a prokázat, že obecná verze experimentu v Pise je epistemicky rovnocenná té konkrétní. Z epistemologického hlediska je tedy Galileův myšlenkový experiment redukovatelný na jednoduchý argument bez konkrétních prostor., and Marek Picha
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

928. How various mulch materials can affect the soil hydro-physical properties

Creator:
Fér, Miroslav, Nikodem, Antonín, Trejbalová, Sára, Klement, Aleš, Pavlů, Lenka, and Kodešová, Radka
Format:
počítač and online zdroj
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
mulch, aggregate stability, soil hydraulic properties, soil physical quality, repellency index, and readily available water
Language:
Slovak
Description:
An application of different mulch materials may lead to changes in soil properties. Our previous study, focused on the impact of various mulches during the 4-year period, showed that the change in some properties can be very rapid (e.g., soil pH), but in other cases such as hydraulic properties, the changes can be gradual. To find out, whether the extension of the mulching period will further affect the studied soil properties, the experiment continued for another 2 years. Differences between values of organic carbon content (Cox), soil physical quality (Sinf), gravitational water (GW) and readily available water (RAW) of soils not covered by any mulch and under various mulches (bark chips; wood chips; wheat straw; Agrotex EKO+ decomposable matting; polypropylene fabric covered bark chips; crushed stone) were much larger than those observed in our previous study. On the other hand, the opposite trend was observed for the water stable aggregates (WSA) index or soil pH. Differences between additionally measured hydraulic conductivities at the pressure head of −2 cm and repellency index (RI) were mostly insignificant. Results indicated that organic mulches can either positively (e.g., increase WSA index and Cox, and decrease GW) or negatively (e.g., decrease Sinf and RAW, and increase RI) affect soil properties.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

930. Hranice percepčnej teorie emócií

Creator:
Hvorecký, Juraj
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
embodied appraisals, non-emotional mental states, emotions, and expressions of emotions
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Upon presenting perceptual theories of emotions and their main weaknesses we concentrate on Prinz’s account that characterizes emotions as valent embodied appraisals. Granting his assumptions we propose a counterargument against his proposal, based on Darwin’s work on bodily expression of emotions. We show that it is possible for non-emotional mental states to be brought about by perceptions of bodily changes and that these perceptions satisfy both the conditions of valence and externally directed semantics that Prinz believes are unique to emotions. and Juraj Hvorecký
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

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