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1462. Božský posel aneb Ohmataný peníz. Suníl Gangopádhjáj
- Creator:
- Preinhaelterová, Hana
- Format:
- Type:
- model:internalpart and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
1463. Boży bojownicy. Jan Žižka i husyci w walkach z Zakonem Krzyżackim, red. Wojciech Borkowski - Wojciech Iwańczak
- Creator:
- Robert Novotný
- Format:
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Žižka z Trocnova, Jan, asi 1360-1424, církevní dějiny, husitství, husité, bitva u Grunwaldu (1410 : Grunwald, Polsko), church history, Hussitism, hussites, battle of Grunwald (1410 : Grunwald, Poland), Česko, Czechia, 8, and 94(437)
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- [autor recenze] Robert Novotný.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
1464. Brachistochrona - problém stále živý
- Creator:
- Slavíček, Josef and Musilová, Jana
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Černohorský, Martin, 1923-, Bernoulli, Johann, 1667-1748, teoretická fyzika, mechanika, variační počet, theoretical physics, mechanics, calculus of variations, 6, and 53
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- V matematice a fyzice nejsou výjimkou situace, kdy řešení problému, jehož praktický význam se někomu může jevit i sporným, vede ke vzniku rozsáhlé obecné teorie či k rozvoji nové účinné metodiky. Je tomu tak i v případě problému brachistochrony, který sehrál klíčovou roli při vzniku variačního počtu. Lze jej formulovat takto: Jaký tvar má mít hladká skluzavka spojující dva zadané body ležící ve svislé rovině, aby tělísko volně vypuštěné z výše položeného z nich sklouzlo vlivem tíže do druhého bodu v nejkratším možném čase? V první části tohoto článku se věnujeme historickým aspektů problému brachistochrony a komentujeme jednotlivá významnější řešení, která byla v průběhu doby předložena. Druhá část sahá do současnosti. Uvádíme v ní tři téměř elementární a navzájem zcela odlišné způsoby přístupu k nalezení brachistochrony: fyzikální, geometrický a variační. Příspěvek věnujeme k významnému životnímu výročí profesoru RNDr. Martinu Černohorskému, CSc., učiteli několika generací brněnských fyziků, který se ve svém vědeckém díle zabýval na mimořádné fyzikální úrovni mj. i historií Newtonovy mechaniky., Josef Slavíček, Jana Musilová., and Obsahuje seznam odkazů a literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
1465. Bracketing paradoxes - are there any?
- Creator:
- Štekauer, Pavol
- Format:
- Type:
- model:internalpart and TEXT
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Příspěvek se zabývá složitými otázkami závorkových paradoxu. Po přehledu nejvlivnějších teorií následuje stručný náčrt základních principů onomaziologické teorie slovo-tvorby, která tvoří základ nového přístupu k problematice závorkových paradoxů. Tento jev je doložen více příklady, které ilustrují, že pojem závorkových paradoxů se váže na určitá teoretická východiska a není nezbytným a inherentním znakem anglické slovo-tvorby.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
1466. Brain activation during volitional control of breathing
- Creator:
- Václav Šmejkal, Rastislav Druga, and Jaroslav Tintěra
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, sluch, magnetická rezonance, hearing, respiratory control, brain activation, magnetic resonance, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to demonstrate the brain activation during volitional control of breathing in nine healthy human subjects. This type of breathing was induced by acoustic stimuli dictating the respiratory frequency. During the period of dictated breathing not only the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, but also the parietal lobes were bilaterally activated. The frontal lobe was activated bilaterally in all subjects, with frequent activation of Brodmann areas 4 and 6. In the parietal lobe, activation could mostly be demonstrated in gyrus postcentralis and the same was true for area 22 in the temporal lobe., V. Šmejkal, R. Druga, J. Tintěra., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
1467. Brain lipid binding protein (FABP7) as modulator of astrocyte function
- Creator:
- Kipp, M., Clarner, T., Gingele, S., Pott, F., Amor, S., Valk, P. van der, and Beyer, C.
- Format:
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, roztroušená skleróza, regenerace (biologie), multiple sclerosis, regeneration (biology), oligodendrocyte, astroglia, remyelination, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Over a century ago, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of astrocytes was noted as a histopathological hallmark of multiple sclerosis and was hypothesized to play an important role in the development and course of this disease. However until today, the factual contribution of astrocytes to multiple sclerosis is elusive. Astrocytes may play an active role during degeneration and demyelination by controlling local inflammation in the CNS, provoking damage of oligodendrocytes and axons, and glial scarring but might also be beneficial by creating a permissive environment for remyelination and oligodendrocyte precursor migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Recent findings from our lab suggest that brain lipid binding protein (FABP7) is implicated in the course of multiple sclerosis and the regulation of astrocyte function. The relevance of our findings and data from other groups are highlighted and discussed in this paper in the context of myelin repair., M. Kipp ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
1468. Brain natriuretic peptide and NT-proBNP levels reflect pulmonary artery systolic pressure in trekkers at high altitude
- Creator:
- Woods, D. R., Mellor, A., Begley, J., Stacey, M., John O'Hara, Hawkins, A., Yarker, J., Foxen, S., Smith, C., and Boos, C.
- Format:
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, hypoxie, hypoxia, altitude, BNP, NT-proBNP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Our objective was to evaluate the utility of the natriuretic peptides BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) and NT-proBNP as markers of pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) in trekkers ascending to high altitude (HA). 20 participants had BNP and NT- proBNP assayed and simultaneous echocardiographic assessment of PASP performed during a trek to 5150 m. PASP increased significantly (p=0.006) with ascent from 24±4 to 39±11 mm Hg at 5150 m. At 5150 m those with a PASP ≥ 40 mm Hg (n=8) (versus those with PASP<40 mm Hg) had higher post-exercise BNP (pg/ml): 54.5±36 vs. 13.4±17 (p=0.012). Their resting BNP at 5150 m was also higher: 57.3±43.4 vs. 12.6±13 (p=0.017). In those with a pathological ( ≥ 400 pg/ml) rise in NT-proBNP at 5150 m (n=4) PASP was significantly higher: 45.9±7.5 vs. 32.2±6.2 mm Hg (p=0.015). BNP and NT-proBNP may reflect elevated PASP, a central featur e of high altitude pulmonary oedema, at HA., D. R. Woods ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
1469. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor modulates intestinal barrier by inhibiting intestinal epithelial cells apoptosis in mice
- Creator:
- Zhao, Dong-Yan, Zhang, Wen-Xue, Qi, Qing-Qing, Long, Xin, Li, Xia, Yu, Yan-Bo, and Zuo, Xiu-Li
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- apoptóza, apoptosis, BDNF, intestinal barrier, intestinal epithelial cells, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- We aimed to investigate the effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and alterations of intestinal barrier integrity using BDNF knock-out mice model. Colonic tissues from BDNF+/+ mice and BDNF+/- mice were prepared for this study. The integrity of colonic mucosa was evaluated by measuring trans-mucosa electrical resistance and tissue conductance in Ussing chamber. The colonic epithelial structure was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Apoptosis involvement was determined with TUNEL staining, active caspase-3 immunostaining and Western blotting for the protein expression of active caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2. The expression levels and distribution of tight junction proteins were evaluated by immunohistochemistry or Western blots. Compared with BDNF+/+ mice, BDNF+/- mice displayed impaired integrity and ultrastructure alterations in their colonic mucosa, which was characterized by diminished microvilli, mitochondrial swelling and epithelial cells apoptosis. Altered intestinal barrier function was linked to excessive apoptosis of IECs demonstrated by the higher proportion of TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells and enhanced caspase activities in BDNF+/- mice. Increased expression of Bax and claudin-2 proteins and reduced Bcl-2 and tight junction proteins (occludin, ZO-1 and claudin-1) expression were also detected in the colonic mucosa of BDNF+/- mice. BDNF may play a role in the maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity via its anti-apoptotic properties., Dong-Yan Zhao, Wen-Xue Zhang, Qing-Qing Qi, Xin Long, Xia Li, Yan-Bo Yu, Xiu-Li Zuo., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
1470. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor treatment increases the skeletal muscle glucose transporter 4 protein expression in mice
- Creator:
- Suwa, M., Yamamoto, K.-I., Nakano, H., Sasaki, H., Radak, Z., and Kumagai, S.
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, svaly, muscles, BDNF, GLUT4, hypophagia, skeletal muscle, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) treatment induced metabolic adaptations in mouse skeletal muscle. BDNF (20 mg/kg/day) was injected subcutaneously for successive 14 days. BDNF treatment significantly reduced the total food intake and inhibited the weight gain in comparison to the control group. The glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) protein expression in the gastrocnemius muscle was significantly increased by BDNF treatment in comparison to the control and pair-fed groups. Neither the oxidative nor the glycolytic enzyme activities in the gastrocnemius muscle changed after the BDNF treatment. These results suggest that the peripheral BDNF treatment promotes the skeletal muscle GLUT4 protein expression as well as hypophagia., M. Suwa ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public