This text presents an analysis of the recent emphasis in HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns: the discursive constructions of HIV/AIDS as an issue of risk and its management. Specifically, the text discusses the prevention materials produced by state-funded institutions in the Czech Republic. The aim of the text is twofold: First, it analyses the specific discourse (and rationality) of risk that permeates HIV/AIDS prevention in relation to and as a part of modern biopolitics and (self-)governance. Second, the text examines the discourse of risk for its gendered implications and its re-inscription of gendered power inequalities., Kateřina Kolářová., Obsahuje bibliografii, and Anglické resumé
The article offers a comparison of the development of institutions of care for children under the age of three in France and in the Czech Republic. It explains the differences in the forms of institutions, policies and the level of state support using a comparative analysis of the discourses of childcare that have existed in the two countries since the end of the Second World War. Expert discourses in particular were found to have an important role in the development of institutions and policies: psychological discursive framings had a strong influence on the public discourse, political decisions and the resulting form of institutions. While in France mainly empirically‑oriented psychologists and pedagogues entered the debate, in Czechoslovakia/the Czech Republic the discursive arena was dominated by clinical psychologists and paediatricians. Other influential factors were identified, such as the economic situation, political actors, social movements; and sequencing of events; but the expert discourse was proved to be crucial for the understanding of the divergent development of childcare institutions in the two countries., Radka Dudová, Hana Hašková., Obsahuje bibliografii, and Anglické resumé
The article is divided into three main parts. In the first part, an overview of scholarly views on trust/trustworthiness is provided. The second part is concerned with the issue of how the politicians’ trustworthiness is measured by contemporary research agencies. In the third part, the experiment on politicians’ trustworthiness utilizing a new method is reported. This method is based on indirect questioning and it builds on the hypothesis that the more trustworthy a politician is, the more people will agree with his statements and consider them seriously. Four parallel questionnaires were employed. The first questionnaire (N=53) contained 10 short fictitious quotations and subjects were asked to rate them according to their solidness, acceptability, and positivity, and they were asked to say to what extentdid they agree with them. Five of these quotations were used in the next three questionnaires (N=48;47;42) and the names of five Czech politicians (K. Schwarzenberg, A. Vondra, R. John, V. Filip and B. Sobotka) were attached to them. No name was attached to the same quotation twice. Respondents were divided into four independent groups and each group responded to one questionnaire. The independent two-sample t-test was used for the comparison of the ratings and 20 statistically significant results were obtained. This means the method could be one of the keys for a better future understanding of such a complex notion as is the trustworthiness of politicians is., Jan Chromý, Ondřej Dufek., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The article stands as the fourth part of a series about the question answering process during standardized surveys and elaborates the phase of editing the response. Major moments and processes are explained that affect the shape of final answer at this stage and the narrow relationship of these facts to the nature and quality of survey data is pointed out. Step by step those phenomenons like rounding of numerical answers, the effect of answering scales in terms of its range, frequency, polarity or response order are elaborated and facts like response styles, range-frequency effect or positivity bias are mentioned. In the end, the problem of social desirability and its influence onto final answer is addressed, as well as some opportunities of elimination. Described aspects are related mainly to the distinction between factual and attitudinal questions, nonetheless in the course of presentation there are mentioned also particularities of some other question formats., Jak bylo v předchozích částech seriálu několikrát zmíněno, dosažení rozhodnutí ještě není definitivní tečkou za procesem zodpovídání výzkumného dotazu. V poslední fázi kognitivních procesů musí respondenti takto dosaženou odpověď většinou ještě nějakým způsobem upravit. Například je třeba výsledek hledání v paměti a rozhodování přizpůsobit některé z možností, kterou nabízí dotazník, nebo se respondent rozhodne svou výpověď modifikovat k sociálně přijatelnější podobě. Také v této fázi tedy dochází k přímému vlivu kognitivních aspektů na podobu výsledné odpovědi a také zde je tedy vhodné zkoumat, které procesy a faktory mohou odpověď ovlivnit a jaké dopady to může mít na povahu a kvalitu dat získaných v rámci dotazníkového šetření., Jiří Vinopal., and Seznam literatury