Available data on karyotypes of the mammals from Turkey and neighbouring regions (the Balkans, the Caucasus, and the Middle East) were summarized and reviewed in respect of their implications to taxonomy and systematics. In this review, previously unpublished data are presented in 20 species. Terrestrial mammals were taken into consideration, both the native and introduced. Altogether, 156 species occurring in the region concerned were included. The karyotype was studied in 109 of these species in Turkey,
in most other species data are available from other geographic regions, and only three species remain unstudied cytogenetically. Intraspecific chromosomal variation (polymorphism or polytypy) was reported in 22 species. A karyotype different from the findings made in other regions was reported in Turkish populations of 17 species. Possible future directions of the cytogenetic investigations of mammals in the region are proposed.
This article deals with 29 Early Medieval finger-rings found, mostly in cemeteries, in Moravia (Czech Republic). They are made of gold, silver, gilded silver or gilded bronze. Each finger-ring consists of two parts – hoop and bezel – made of sheet metal and soldered together, and decorated with granulation, filigree, inlays of glass or semi-precious stones; only two finger-rings are cast as one piece. The finger-rings are classified into 8 types (A to H), some with subtypes. The author outlines the current state of chronology of Early Medieval jewellery in Moravia and discusses the dating of finger-rings: most of the precisely-datable pieces fall into the older period of the Great Moravian Empire, i.e. the first half of the 9th century. The main concern of the study is the question of the origin of Moravian finger-rings. The author sketches the current state of research of Early Medieval finger-rings in Central and South-eastern Europe (ca. 6th–12th century) and searches for parallels in the Moravian types. In Moravian material, he tries to identify structural and decorative elements that could distinguish imported pieces, their imitations and local products. However, in large measure the sorting of Moravian finger-rings into these three groups remains hypothetical. On the whole, it is evident that the finger-rings found in Moravian cemeteries are based on Mediterranean models. Probably the first specimens (or their immediate producers) came to Moravia in the 8th century, from Byzantine cities on the Adriatic coast, and local production of similar finger-rings in Moravian workshops followed soon afterwards.
Po krátkom úvode sa článok zaoberá terminologickými otázkami a potom klasifikuje rozličné formy medzinárodnej participácie na ústavodarnom procese. Táto participácia nie je totožná s jednoduchým vplyvom na ústavodarné procesy. Nasledovanie zahraničných modelov môže byť aj viac-menej dobrovoľné. Mnohé nové štáty Európy v 19. storočí napríklad nasledovali belgickú ústavu z roku 1831. Aj vplyv britských a francúzskych riešení bol intenzívny. Počas dlhého obdobia v 20. storočí bol zase typický
vplyv sovietskeho ústavného modelu. Aktívna medzinárodná alebo zahraničná právna a politická asistencia v ústavodarnom procese je úplne iná záležitosť.Vtiahnutie zahraničných a medzinárodných faktorov do tohto procesu môže byť priame alebo nepriame. Daná štúdia sa najprv zaoberá tzv. hard formami medzinárodnej právnej asistencie, potom zase jej miernejšími soft formami. Potom sa štúdia sústreďuje predovšetkým na vývoj v 20. storočí, ale krátko venuje pozornosť aj udalostiam z 19. storočia (budovanie nových štátov na Balkáne). V záverečnej časti je reč aj o podobe ústavnoprávnej asistencie v posledných rokoch Československa. and After short introduction the paper deals with terminological issues, then it classifies different forms of international participation in the constitution-making process. This participation is not identical with the simple impact of foreign models on the constitution-making. Drawing different levels of inspirations from foreign models is more or less voluntary.Many new countries in Europe in the 19th century followed the model of Belgian constitution from 1831. The impact of British and French solutions was very intensive as well. For a long period in the 20th century Soviet-Russian
constitutional model was highly influential . Active international legal and political assistance in constitution-making is a different matter. The involvement of international factors in these processes can be direct or indirect. The paper focuses first on the hard form, then on the soft form of international legal assistance.Although the paper concentrates on the development in the 20th century, it briefly covers the events of the 19th century (state-building in Balkan) as well. Final part of the paper focuses
on the process of (constitutional) legal assistance in the last years of Czechoslovakia.