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Start Over Subject Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie

1044. Obesity and infection: receprocal causality

Creator:
Vojtěch Hainer, Hana Zamrazilová, Marie Kunešová, Běla Bendlová, and Irena Aldhoon Hainerová
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print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, obezita, infekce, kauzalita, adenoviry, obesity, infections, causality, adenoviruses, adenovirus 36, e4orf1 protein, impaired immunity, 14, and 612
Language:
English
Description:
Associations between different infectious agents and obesity have been reported in humans for over thirty years. In many cases, as in nosocomial infections, this relationship reflects the greater susceptibility of obese individuals to infection due to impaired immunity. In such cases, the infection is not related to obesity as a causal factor but represents a complication of obesity. In contrast, several infections have been suggested as potential causal factors in human obesity. However, evidence of a causal linkage to human obesity has only been provided for adenovirus 36 (Adv36). This virus activates lipogenic and proinflammatory pathways in adipose tissue, improves insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and hepatic steatosis. The E4orf1 gene of Adv36 exerts insulin senzitizing effects, but is devoid of its pro-inflammatory modalities. The development of a vaccine to prevent Adv36- induced obesity or the use of E4orf1 as a ligand for novel antidiabetic drugs could open new horizons in the prophylaxis and treatment of obesity and diabetes. More experimental and clinical studies are needed to elucidate the mutual relations between infection and obesity, identify additional infectious agents causing human obesity, as well as define the conditions that predispose obese individuals to specific infections., V. Hainer, H. Zamrazilová, M. Kunešová, B. Bendlová, I. Aldhoon-Hainerová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

1045. Obestatin modulates ghrelin's effects on the basal and stimulated testosterone secretion by the testis of rat: an in vitro study

Creator:
Afsar, T., Jahan, S., Razak, S., Almajwal, A., Abulmeaty, M., Wazir, H., and Majeed, A.
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Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, testosteron, rozmnožování (biologie), testosterone, reproduction, obestatin, ghrelin, hCG, testicular strips, 14, and 612
Language:
English
Description:
The functional antagonism between obestatin and ghrelin in the testis is under investigation. We investigated the ability of obestatin to counteract the inhibitory effect of ghrelin on basal and stimulated testosterone (T) secretion in vitro. Testicular strips from adult rats were incubated with 10 ng/ml and 100 ng /ml of obestatin alone, ghrelin alone and obestatin + ghrelin. Obestatin modulation of stimulated T secretion was evaluated by incubation of testicular samples with 10 ng/ml and 100 ng/ml obestatin, ghrelin and obestatin + ghrelin in the absence and presen ce of 10 IU of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). T concentrations in the hCG treated groups were significantly (P<0.0001) higher than those in the control groups. Obestatin caused a significant increase in basal T secretion in a dose-dependent manner; however, obestatin at the both 10 ng /ml and 100 ng/ml significantly (P<0.0001) in creased hCG-stimulated T secretion. In contrast, ghrelin in a dose-dependent manner significantly (P<0.001) decreased both basal and hCG-induced T secretion by testicular slices. Obestatin opposed the inhibitory effect of ghrelin on T secretion under both basal and hCG-stimulated conditions at all doses tested. In conclusions, administration of obestatin was able to antagonize the inhibitory effect of ghrelin on testosterone secretion in vitro ., T. Afsar, S. Jahan, S. Razak, A. Almajwal, M. Abulmeaty, H. Wazir, A. Majeed., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

1046. Office blood pressure, heart rate and A(-597)G interleukin-6 gene polymorphism in apparently healthy Czech middle-aged population

Creator:
Anna Vašků, Souček, M., Monika Pávková Goldbergová, and Jiří Vácha
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Subject:
Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, krevní tlak, srdeční rytmus, kouření, blood pressure, heart rate, smoking, interleukin 6, gene polymorphism, healthy subjects, BMI, 14, and 612
Language:
English
Description:
The aim of the study was to assess the association between promoter polymorphism [A(-596)G] in interleukin-6 gene and office systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and the heart rate (HR) in apparently healthy Czech subjects. Furthermore, we evaluated the possible influence of gender, BMI and smoking on these supposed associations. An age-matched (40-50 years) and gender-matched (F/M=81/89) sample of apparently healthy Czech subjects (n=170, F/M=81/89) without hypertension, other cardiovascular diseases or diabetes was examined. The A(-596)G Il-6 gene polymorphism was detected by the PCR method. No differences in genotype distribution and/or allelic frequency was found between groups with lower systolic blood pressure (£ 122 mm Hg) and higher systolic blood pressure (> 122 mm Hg). Similarly, no differences in the IL-6 polymorphism were found between lower (£ 86 mm Hg) and higher (> 86 mm Hg) diastolic blood pressure groups. However, we proved a significant increase of genotypes AG+GG as well as the allele (-596)G in higher (>78 beats/min) heart rate group. The genotypes AG+GG represent significantly higher relative risk for higher HR frequency, especially in women. Among lean persons with a low heart rate frequency, fewer AG+GG genotypes were determined than among any other subjects. The genotypes AG+GG are more frequent in non-smoking persons with higher HR compared to non-smoking subjects with lower HR, especially in women. Gender, BMI and smoking substantially modify the distribution of A(-596)G Il-6 gene polymorphism in apparently healthy persons with lower or higher heart rate., A. Vašků, M. Souček, M. Goldbergová, J. Vácha., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

1047. Olfactory bulbectomy induced oxidative and cell damage in rat: protective effect of melatonin

Creator:
Tasset, I., Medina, F. J., Peña, J., Jimena, I., Del Carmen Muñoz, M., Salcedo, M., Ruiz, C., Feijóo, M., Montilla, P., and Túnez, I.
Format:
print
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, antioxidanty, deprese, melatonin, oxidační stres, antioxidants, depression, oxidative stress, olfactory bublectomy, 14, and 612
Language:
English
Description:
In this study we analyzed the effects of melatonin (Mel, 1 mg/kg ip) on behavioral changes as well as cell and oxidative damage prompted by bilaterally olfactory bulbectomy. Olfactory bulbectomy caused an increase in lipid peroxidation products and caspase-3, whereas it prompted a decrease of reduced glutathione (GSH) content and antioxidative enzymes activities. Additionally, olfactory bulbectomy induced behavioral changes characterized by the enhancement of immobility time in the forced swim test and hyperactivity in the open field test. All these changes were normalized by treatment of Mel (14 days). Our data show that Mel has a beneficial neuropsychiatric action against oxidative stress, cell damage and behavior alterations., I. Tasset ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

1048. Olfactory sensitivity in mammalian species

Creator:
Wackermannová, M., Pinc, L., and Lukáš Jebavý
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Type:
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Subject:
Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, fyziologie, savci, physiology, mammals, olfaction, sensitivity, odor detection threshold, 14, and 612
Language:
English
Description:
Olfaction enables most mammalian species to detect and discriminate vast numbers of chemical structures called odorants and pheromones. The perception of such chemical compounds is mediated via two major olfactory systems, the main olfactory system and the vomeronasal system, as well as minor systems, such as the septal organ and the Grueneberg ganglion. Distinct differences exist not only among species but also among individuals in terms of their olfactory sensitivity; however, little is known about the mechanisms that determine these differences. In research on the olfactory sensitivity of mammals, scientists thus depend in most cases on behavioral testing. In this article, we reviewed scientific studies performed on various mammalian species using different methodologies and target chemical substances. Human and non-human primates as well as rodents and dogs are the most frequently studied species. Olfactory threshold studies on other species do not exist with the exception of domestic pigs. Olfactory testing performed on seals, elephants, and bats focused more on discriminative abilities than on sensitivity. An overview of olfactory sensitivity studies as well as olfactory detection ability in most studied mammalian species is presented here, focusing on comparable olfactory detection thresholds. The basics of olfactory perception and olfactory sensitivity factors are also described., M. Wackermannová, L. Pinc, L. Jebavý., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

1049. Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease risk: do we understand the relationship?

Creator:
Michal Vrablík, Martina Vaclová, Michaela Šnejdrlová, and Lukáš Zlatohlávek
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, kardiovaskulární fyziologie, omega-3 mastné kyseliny, cardiovascular physiology, omega-3 fatty acids, EPA (eicosapentaenoic), DHA (docosaheaxaenoic), cardiovascular risk, cardiovascular event, omega-3 index, 14, and 612
Language:
English
Description:
There is a large body of evidence documenting the effects of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids with the first double bond at the third position from methyl-terminal (so called omega-3 fatty acids (FAs)) on different components of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, it may seem the more answers on the topic we learn, the more questions remain to be elucidated. There are three levels of evidence documenting the impact of fish omega-3 FAs on CVD risk. Epidemiological data have shown unequivocally the increased intake of fish is associated with lower CVD morbidity and mortality. Numerous experimental studies have shown (almost always) positive effects of omega-3 FAs on lipoprotein metabolism, coagulation and platelet function, endothelial function, arterial stiffness etc. Most importantly, there are a few prospective clinical endpoint trials (DART, JELIS, GISSI Prevenzione and GISSI-HF) that have examined the impact of omega-3 FAs supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes in different patient populations. Recent meta-analyses of these and other clinical studies have yielded somewhat conflicting results. In this review we will summarize current evidence of omega-3 FAs effects on cardiovascular risk focusing on new data from recent clinical trials as well as possible practical implications for clinical practice., M. Vrablík ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

1050. Omega-3 fatty acids reduce lipopolysaccharide-induced abnormalities in expression of connexin-40 in aorta of hereditary hypertriglyceridemic rats

Creator:
Frimmel, K., Ružena Sotníková, Jana Navarová, Iveta Bernátová, Križák, J., Zora Haviarová, Kura, B., Ján Slezák, and Ľudmila Okruhlicová
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, omega-3 mastné kyseliny, omega-3 fatty acids, lipopolysaccharide, connexin-40, hypertriglyceridemia, rat aorta, 14, and 612
Language:
English
Description:
Omega-3 fatty acids (Ω3FA) are known to reduce hypertriglyceridemia- and inflammation-induced vascular wall diseases. However, mechanisms of their effects are not completely clear. We examined, whether 10-day Ω3FA diet can reduce bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced changes in expression of gap junction protein connexin40 (Cx40) in the aorta of hereditary hypertriglyceridemic (hHTG) rats. After administration of a single dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) to adult hHTG rats, animals were fed with Ω3FA diet (30 mg/kg/day) for 10 days. LPS decreased Cx40 expression that was associated with reduced acetylcholine-induced relaxation of aorta. Ω3FA administration to LPS rats had partial anti-inflammatory effects, associated with increased Cx40 expression and improved endothelium dependent relaxation of the aorta. Our results suggest that 10-day Ω3FA diet could protect endothelium-dependent relaxation of the aorta of hHTG rats against LPS-induced damage through the modulation of endothelial Cx40 expression, K. Frimmel, R. Sotníková, J. Navarová, I. Bernátová, J. Križák, Z. Haviarová, B. Kura, J. Slezák, Ľ. Okruhlicová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

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