Síla stisku ruky je velmi dobrým ukazatelem zdraví, výkonnosti kosterního svalstva a celkově je dobrým indikátorem zdravotního stavu a vitality. Testosteron je hormon, který je primárně zodpovědný za rozvoj sekundárních pohlavních znaků a zároveň má silný vztah k tělesné síle a zevním ukazatelům rozvoje skeletální svaloviny. Byla publikována řada prací, které poukazují na úzký vztah mezi testosteronem a agresí. Nebyl však doposud vysvětlen kauzální vztah mezi hladinou testosteronu a výsledným agresivním chováním, tedy konkrétní působení metabolitů testosteronu v specifických oblastech mozku. Na základě publikovaných experimentálních prací jsou diskutována některá možná/částečná vysvětlení působení testosteronu na vznik agresivního chování. Dále je diskutován vztah mezi silou stisku ruky a lidským sexuálním chováním – tedy sexuální dimorfismus v síle stisku, ženská percepce (v rozdílných fázích menstruačního cykly) stisku ruky u mužů a volba partnera ve vztahu k jeho fitness (jak je hodnocena dle síly stisku ruky, jež je dobrým ukazatelem hladiny testosteronu)., Handgrip strength (HGS) is a very good marker of physical health, good muscle performance and an overall indicator of health status and vitality. Testosterone, as a hormone primarily responsible for secondary sexual traits development, is also strongly correlated to body strength and somatic features which represent it. It has been widely reported that testosterone correlates with aggression. However, the pathway of testosterone metabolites in specific brain regions, or cause and effect formula of testosterone level and aggression has not been satisfactorily explained. Several possible and/or partial explanations based on published experiments are discussed. Furthermore, the relation between HGS and human sexual behavior is discussed – the sexual dimorphism in HGS, the perception of male HGS by females at different stages of the menstrual cycle and the selection of a partner with respect to his fitness (as estimated by HGS which is a good indicator of testosterone level)., and Daniela Cunha, Filipe Monteiro, Yasin Hamarat, Martin Čuta
The Treaty of Lisbon has introduced several modifications concerning the EU courts that have already had a significant impact on their activity. The most important one is the possibility for all national courts to address to the Court of Justice references for a preliminary ruling on the interpretation and validity of acts of the Area of freedom, security and justice. A similar impact can be attributed to the possibility for natural and legal persons to contest regulatory acts which are of direct concern to them. However, the Treaty of Lisbon has also introduced modifications that have not had any significant impact on the activity of the EU courts. This is the case, for example, for the provisions on actions brought by national Parliaments for infringement of the principle of subsudiarity or the provisions on direct actions in the Area of freedom, security and justice.
We describe the male courtship song of the newly-discovered species Drosophila santomea, endemic to the island of Saõ Tomé and the sister species of the widely distributed D. yakuba, which also inhabits the island. The song of D. santomea resembles that of D. yakuba in lacking a "sine" song, but the interpulse interval (IPI) in the "pulse" song is about 67 ms for the former species and 110 ms for the latter. This is the largest difference in IPI observed between any two sister species in the D. melanogaster subgroup, and may play a role in the strong sexual isolation between these two species.
We can conclude that the Hungarian Penal Code does not include statutory regulations fore the consent of the aggrieved person. To be able to adopt this instrument The judicial practice made this legal institution applicable by developing its conditions and background. Given that the consent of the aggrieved person restricts the scope of criminal liability I do consider that this institution is agrees with the requirements of the sate constitution. I would also like to point out that several authors are on the opinion that the consent of the injured person should be regularized with a statutory rule to ensure the requirements of legal certainty. However, the new Penal Code, that is currently in the phase of public harmonization, does not include it, either.
The effect of aqueous and ether Chelidonium majus haulms extract on cervical HeLa tumor cells, mammary adenocarcinoma MCF 7 tumor cells and acute lymphoblastic leukemia CEM tumor cells in vitro have been studied. The purpose of this research was to compare the effect of aqueous and ether Chelidonium majus haulms extract on selected tumor cells. Colorimetric MTT assay have been used for the study of the antiproliferative effect of aqueous and ether haulms extract of Chelidonium majus on cell viability in vitro. The results of the experiments have shown the cytotoxic effect of the aqueous and the ether Chelidonium majus haulms extract on the individual tumor cells. The aqueous Chelidonium majus haulms extract was the most effective on CEM cells, it was less effective on MCF 7 cells and it was the least effective on HeLa cells. The ether haulms extract of Chelidonium majus was the most effective at all of studied concentrations on CEM cells and MCF 7 cells in comparison with HeLa cells, where it was significantly effective only at the highest concentration. Aqueous and ether haulms extract of Chelidonium majus tested in vitro indicated their cytotoxic activity. Both haulms extract of Chelidonium majus were more efficient on CEM cells. It is assumed that higher antiproliferative activity of ether haulms extract of Chelidonium majus is the result of higher antiproliferative activity of lipophilic substances. The lipophilic substances pass through membrane and bind to various proteins and change their biological activity., Vladimíra Tomečková, Veronika Tkáčová, Peter Urban, Marek Stupák, and Literatura
This paper argues whether the Czech Constitutional Court should be the example of Activism, and whether the Japanese Supreme Court should be characterised as the example of Restraint in the context of constitutional justice. For instance, the former has declared numerous laws unconstitutional in the past two decades, while the latter has declared only a limited number unconstitutional in the past 68 years. We will examine the appropriateness of these characterisations by comparing and contrasting their brief histories, competences, and the nomination processes and precedents, in order to discuss their roles in the transitional period towards the new constitutionalism, paying specific attention to the extent politicisation has impacted each Courts.
In the Czech Republic, there is no comprehensive special whistleblowing legislation. If the notificationis made within industrial relations, more precisely within private-law relations, then protection ofwhistleblowers as well as the ones who are notified, provides direct support especially the legislation on protectionof personal data and indirectly also the constitutional foundations of the Czech legal order. TheSupreme Court of the Czech Republic and the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic have commented,in the context of the principle of employee loyalty, on a practice which could be described as whistleblowingin the area of employment. The courts have in principle confirmed that even without an explicit legal basisit is possible in the legal order of the Czech Republic to found necessary normative basis for this practice.
With Denmark faring reasonably well through the global financial crisis, the policy changes to the social housing sector caused by the crisis have been limited. Nevertheless, changes have taken place nonetheless both in terms of policy and in the residential composition of the sector which policies are trying to react upon. This means that the sector is at a cross-road as this paper will show. The future remains uncertain; depending to a large extent on the application of the policies already in place and policy reactions to the current challenges.
Adipocyte hormone leptin (OB protein) is considered to be an "adiposity signal" regulating body weight homeostasis and energy balance. We have previously reported that oestrogens (oestradiol-benzoate) significantly decrease the body weight in male rats, increase anterior pituitary and serum levels of the intracellular messenger cAMP, which activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase A , their targets include hormone-sensitive lipase and they influence the brain sympathetic system. The present study tested our hypothesis that oestrogens could influence serum leptin levels in male mice. We found that chronic administration of oestradiol-benzoate significantly attenuated serum levels of leptin, in the dependence on the duration of its administration, and simultaneously decreased body weight. We suppose that oestrogens affect leptin levels interacting with the signal transmission system of cAMP, possibly at the genome level. Our observations that the food consumption of mice with simultaneously decreased body weight and levels of serum leptin support the idea that there exists a satiety factor that counters the effect of low leptin.