Cieľ: Výskum bol zameraný na identifikáciu drţania diéty u adolescentných respondentov a niektorých príčin jej drţania vo vzťahu k pohlaviu a veku. Metodika: Na získanie empirických dát boli pouţité vybrané poloţky sebaposudzovacieho meracieho nástroja s názvom Mapovanie stravovacích návykov medzi adolescentmi (The Project EAT Survey, Neumark- Sztainer et al.). Výskumnú vzorku tvorilo 387 adolescentných respondentov, toho času študentov prvých a štvrtých ročníkov stredných škôl. Výsledky: Podľa výsledkov výskumu ţeny častejšie drţia diéty (redukčné alebo pre jej udrţanie) či uţ v minulom roku (p = 0,002) aj v terajšej dobe (p = 0,000). Sú nespokojné so svojou hmotnosťou (p = 0,000) a postavou (p = 0,009). Respondenti vo veku 18 - 20 rokov uviedli, ţe si ich členovia rodiny doberali alebo si robili posmech z ich hmotnosti (p = 0,000). Vyššie percento ţien zaţilo negatívne hodnotenie ich hmotnosti zo strany členov rodiny (27,5 %) a vrstovníkov (33,5 %). Záver: Sestra v klinickej praxi môţe byť nápomocná pri identifikovaní drţania diét u adolescentov a jej príčin z hľadiska prevencie dopadu drţania diét na telesné a duševné zdravie adolescenta a pri realizácii uţ cielených intervencií, napr. edukácie v rámci takto obsahovo zameranej prevencie., Aim: The research was aimed at identifying dieting among adolescent respondents and some of the reasons for its keeping in relation to sex and age. Methods: For obtaining empirical data selected items of self-assessing measuring tool called Mapping dietary habits among adolescents were used (The Project EAT Survey, Neumark-Sztainer et al.). The research sample consisted of 387 adolescent respondents, previously high school students (of the first and fourth study year). Results: According to results of research women more frequently keep a diet (in order to lose weight or keep it the same) in last year (p = 0,002) as well as at present-day period (p = 0,000). They are not satisfied with their weight (p = 0,000) and figure (p = 0,009). Respondents aged 18-20 years reported that their family members have teased or made fun of their weight (p = 0,000). A higher percentage of women had experience a negative evaluation of their weight on the part of the family members (27,5 %) and peers (33,5 %). Conclusion: A nurse in clinical practice can be helpful in identifying dieting among adolescents and its causes in order to prevent the impact of diets on physical and mental health of adolescent and in the implementation of already targeted interventions, e.g. education in the context of the following content targeting prevention., Michaela Miertová, and Literatura 40
Cíl: Posoudit efekt samoléčby a autodiagnózy dysmenorey u studentek univerzity v Maiduguri. Metody: 289 studentek trpících dysmenorhoeou z celkového počtu 25 000 studentek univerzity v Maiduguri ze státu Borno, Nigerie, bylo randomizováno k léčbě dysmenorey. Studentky byly vybrány na základě dotazníku, který vyplnily v lednu 2011. Výsledky: Střední věk ± směrodatná odchylka (SD) účastnic byl 22.50 ± 3.12 roku. 112 (38.8 %) užívalo analgetika a nefarmakologické prostředky k tišení bolesti, buď současně, nebo následně (p < 0.001). Nejčastějšími nemedikamentózními prostředky byly horká lázeň (15.2 %) a ohřívací dečka umístěná na podbřišek (5.5 %). Nejčastějšími léky byly nesteroidní antirevmatika (NSAID) užívané při nástupu menstruace. V 72 % byla léčba účinná, ve 4.2 % nebyla. Většina účastnic se medikovala sama a nezabývala se možnými vedlejšími účinky (p < 0.001). Většina účastnic (63 %) utratila 300 Nigerijských Naira a méně (1.9 US Dolarů a méně) za léčbu dysmenorey. Závěry: Výsledky potvrdily, že NSAID byly nejčastěji užívané medikamenty k léčbě dysmenorey, ale většinou bez znalosti potencionálních vedlejších účinků. Proto doporučujeme zapojení profesionálních zdravotníků do tohoto procesu., Objective: This study was performed to evaluate self-medication for the treatment of self-diagnosed dysmenorrhoea among a group of University of Maiduguri female students. Methods: The population of this randomized study was 289 female students suffering from dysmenorrhoea out of over 25 000 students attending a college of medicine and eight non-medical faculties of university of Maiduguri in Borno state, Nigeria. The students were interviewed using a self-administered pre-tested structured questionnaire in January, 2011. Results: The Mean ± Standard Deviation (SD) of age of the participants was 22.50 ± 3.12 years. Significant number 112 (38.8%) of participants use drugs to remedy menstrual pains followed by non-drug therapy while few combine both the drug and non-drug therapy for the pain management (p < 0.001). The most common non drug remedies employed by the participants were taking a hot bath (15.2%) and placing a heating pad on abdomen (5.5%). However, the most common drugs used by the participants were Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) which were usually taken orally at the onset of menstruation. Among the participants that used drug, 72% found it effective while 4.2% reported ineffectiveness. Significant majority of the participants usually self-prescribed their drugs, and were ignorant of the common side effects of these drugs (p < 0.001). Most participants (63%) spent 300 Nigerian Naira and below (1.9048 US Dollar and below) on drugs for dysmenorrhoea every month. Conclusion: The results confirmed that NSAIDs were the most common drugs used for dysmenorrhoea treatment, but frequently used without knowledge of potential side effects due to self-medication. Therefore, we recommend educational intervention by health care professionals., Roland Nnaemeka Okoro, Helen Malgwi, Cyprian Kingsley Ngong, Glory Ogechi Okoro, and Literatura 30
The disabling nature and lifelong impact of multiple sclerosis (MS) imposes considerable socioeconomic burden despite its relative low prevalence compared to other chronic diseases. This is the first study of MS in the Slovak Republic that provides information about healthcare and social expenditures including costs of productivity loss caused by reduced work capacity of patients with MS. Retrospectively direct and indirect costs of MS were investigated by prevalence based "bottomup" approach. The societal and health insurance perspective was used to perform the overall economic burden caused by MS in Slovakia. The human capital method was used for the calculation of indirect costs, as this is the most common method applied in published studies. As not all detailed data on expenditures were available, the missing data were collected in the retrospective patient research. Total annual costs in 2010 for 6.100 dispensed patients with MS in Slovakia were 54.723.592. Indirect costs (31.728.757) prevailed over direct costs (22.994.834). The highest part of both costs were 25.207.512 and 12.641.052 for loss productivity due to patients sickness and invalidity pensions and diseasemodifying drugs respectively. The average cost per patient independently of disease severity was 8.971. MS causes a high economic burden, with a strong predominance of indirect costs. Documenting and quantifying this burden among patients with MS in different disease stages through costofillness study can lead to better disease management and it can provide valuable information for future cost analysis and for decisionmaking process., Mária Pšenková, Stanislava Mackovičová, Alexander Palúch, Tatiana Foltánová, Lenka Petrová, and Literatura
Objectives: The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of dopamine receptor D2 / ankyrin repeat and protein kinase domain containing 1 (DRD2/ANKK1) TaqIA allelic polymorphism in the HPVinduced cervical carcinogenesis. Methods: 1. Effect on the risk of cervical precancer: After an 8year followup, out of 214 women with persisting highrisk HPV infection, 102 developed highgrade cervical dysplasia or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade III, while 112 did not. The subjects were genotyped for the DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphism by PCRRFLP, and the allelic distributions were compared between groups with and without highgrade dysplasia. 2. Prognostic value: Two hundred and thirty nine women with cervical precancer/cancer were followed for 5 years. Complete remission was achieved at 182 women. To assess the prognostic value of the TaqIA polymorphism, genotype frequencies were compared between patients reaching and not reaching complete remission. Results: The frequency of A1/A1+A1/A2 genotypes was higher among women who developed highgrade cervical dysplasia (OR: 1.87, 95% CI: 1.053.33; p=0.034) than in the other group. Occurrence of the A1 allele was more frequent among women who did not reach complete remission (OR: 2.00, 95% CI: 1.073.74; p=0.030) than in women with complete remission. Conclusions: This is the first report on the possible involvement of DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphism in cervical carcinogenesis. The A1 allele seems to increase the risk of cervical precancer, and it may also be associated with a worse prognosis in women with HPVinduced cervical cancer. The results need further validation in largescale molecular epidemiological studies., József Cseh, Zsuzsa Orsós, Emese Pázsit, Erika Marek, András Huszár, István Ember, István Kiss, and Literatura
Health performance and economic performance are interlinked. Good health is essential for economic and social development. This paper identifies and describes linkages between economic globalization and health. The aim is to analyze international professional discourse on ways how economic globaliza - tion affects health and to critical reflex development of the Czech health policy in the relation to economic globalization, financial crisis and health. The World Health Organization plays the major role in the studying the health effects resulting globalization. In the other side in the Czech Republic there is - n’t developed the discussion about social determinants of health, he - alth gap, health inequalities, health promotion. The risks of economic globalization aren’t reflected by health policy makers, Pavla Mašková, Petr Háva, and Literatura
According to our study, diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses were found in 59.4% of patients with acute and chronic leukemias. In chronic leukemia purulentinflammatory diseases had abortive clinical manifestation. In acute leukemia, especially during the induction of remission, purulentinflammatory diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses were associated with significant signs of purulent process. Inflammatory diseases of the paranasal sinuses are manifested by pronounced shift of hematological indices of intoxication that indicates increase of autointoxication, disturbance of adaptation mechanisms and transition of adaptivecompensatory immunological reactions in damaging ones., Shakhlo Bakieva, and Literatura
Tento příspěvek je první z řady článků věnovaných etického zhodnocení euthanasie. Pojednává o preferenčním utilitarismu Petera Singera a ukazuje, jakým způsobem se v rámci tohoto etického systému euthanasie ukazuje jako eticky oprávněná volba. Článek je rozdělený do dvou hlavních částí. V první části jsou předloženy základní principy utilitarismu a uvádí se důležité rozlišení mezi lidskými živočichy a osobami (založené na schopnosti vyšších kognitivních funkcí). Druhá hlavní část článku se podrobně věnuje vyjasnění základních forem euthanasie (vyžádaná, nevyžádaná, nedobrovolná) a argumentuje, že mezi pasivní a aktivní euthanasií neexistuje žádný morálně významný rozdíl. Článek končí konstatováním, že aktivní euthanasie je morálně lepší volbou než pasivní euthanasie., This contribution is the first of a series of articles devoted to the ethical evaluation of euthanasia. It discusses the preference utilitarianism of Peter Singer and shows that euthanasia can be a morally permissible choice. The article is divided into two main parts. In the first part the basic tenets of utilitarianism are set forth, the important distinction between human animals and persons is made (based on the capacity for higher cognitive functions). The second main part of the article is devoted in detail to the clarification of basic forms of euthanasia (voluntary, involuntary and non-voluntary), it is argued that there in no morally significant difference between passive and active euthanasia end, finally, the article concludes by noting that active euthanasia is morally more preferable then passive euthanasia., David Černý, and Literatura
Introduction: Oral Lichen planus (OLP) is chronic inflammatory oral mucosal disease of unknown etiology. Basement membrane damage and T‑cell migration in OLP may be mediated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). We examined the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 to support this hypothesis. Materials and methods: The study population consisted of 71 patients with OLP and 10 control patients with oral fibromas. Indirect immunohistochemistry was used for detection of MMP 9 expression (polyclonal rabbit anti‑human MMP antibody). Results: In all cases of OLP, the MMP‑9 expression was seen mainly in the area of lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate in the lamina propria including lymphocytes within the overlying epithelium. In addition, it was observed in the epithelial keratinocytes, particularly in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum with occasional positivity in the superficial layer. Fibroblasts and endothelium of small vessels in the lamina propria showed MMP9 expression as well. In all cases of oral mucosal fibromas, the MMP‑9 expression was seen only in fibroblasts and in endothelium of small vessels with occasional positivity within the overlying epithelium. It remains unclear, whether MMP‑9 is directly connected to OLP pathogenesis., Vladimíra Paulusová, Jan Laco, Ivo Dřízhal, Radovan Slezák, and Literatura 24
Cíl práce: Analýza výsledků extrakčních vaginálních operací ve FN Motol v období let 2007 – 2011. Typ studie: Retrospektivní analýza Soubor a metodika: Analýza 341 vaginálních extrakčních porodů – frekvence využití jednotlivých instrumentů, indikace k jednotlivým extrakčním operacím, mateřské a neonatologické komplikace. Výsledky: V daném období stouplo využití extrakčních metod z 0,81 % na 3,55 %. Tento stoupající trend byl dán zejména zvyšující se frekvencí využití vakuumextraktoru (VEX). Na našem pracovišti se VEX do roku 2007 nepoužíval vůbec, v roce 2011 již tvořil 92 % všech extrakčních operací (nárůst z 0 % na 3,27 %, forceps pokles z 0,81 % na 0,28 %). Indikační schéma k využití jednotlivých instrumentů se v průběhu let také změnilo, dominantou k využití forcepsu byla hypoxie, v roce 2011 při vzrůstající oblibě vakuumextraktoru tvořila právě hypoxie již 50 % indikací k jeho využití. Četnost poranění matky i novorozence byla nižší při použití vakuumextraktoru, kefalhematom novorozence v 7 % u VEXu a 13 % u forcepsu. Závěr: V daném období došlo na našem pracovišti k celkovému zvýšení četnosti extrakčních porodů, a to zejména vlivem použití vakuumextraktoru. Vakuumextraktor je dle našich dat spojen s nižší mateřskou a novorozeneckou morbiditou. Neonatologické výsledky obou metod jsou srovnatelné, mírně však ve prospěch vakuumextraktoru. Výjimkou je jeho neúspěšné použití., Objective: To analyze the results of assisted vaginal deliveries at the Motol University Hospital for the period 2007–2011. Type of study: A retrospective analysis Material and Methods: Analysis of 341 vaginal assisted deliveries - frequency of individual instrument use, indications for assisted vaginal deliveries, maternal and neonatal complications. Results: During the given time period the frequency of assisted vaginal deliveries increased from 0,81 % to 3,55 %. This increasing trend was mainly due to the increasing frequency of vacuum extractor (VEX) use. The first vacuum assisted vaginal delivery at our hospital was recorded in 2007. In 2011 this method already accounted for 92 % of all assisted vaginal deliveries (an increase from 0 % to 3,27 %; the frequency of forceps deliveries decreased from 0,81 % to 0,28 %). Over the years, indications for the use of instruments have also changed. Main indication for forceps delivery used to be hypoxia, but in 2011, with increasing popularity of vacuum extractions, it accounted only for 50 % of indications for its use. Frequency of maternal and neonatal injuries was lower when using vacuum extractor, newborn cephalhaematoma was recorded in 7 % when vacuum extractor was used and 13 % when forceps was used. Conclusion: During the given time period there was an overall increase of assisted vaginal deliveries at our department, mainly because of the vacuum extractor use. According to our data, vacuum extraction is associated with lower maternal and neonatal morbidity. Neonatal results of both methods are comparable, but slightly in favour of vacuum extraction, except cases of its unsuccessful application., P. Hanulíková, H. Hrubantová, R. Vlk, T. Binder, and Literatura 10
Cíl: Hlavním cílem výzkumného šetření bylo zjistit, které faktory ovlivňují pouţívání ošetřovatelských diagnóz v klinické praxi. Dalším cílem bylo zjistit rozdíly v hodnocení faktorů ovlivňujících pouţívání ošetřovatelských diagnóz v praxi podle věku, vzdělání a typu pracoviště. Metodika: Pro získání dat byl sestaven nestandardizovaný dotazník zaměřený na zjištění faktorů ovlivňujících pouţívání ošetřovatelských diagnóz. Výzkumný soubor tvořilo 253 registrovaných všeobecných sester z 9 zdravotnických zařízení v České republice. Sestry hodnotili na Likertově škále od 1 do 5, jak jednotlivé faktory ovlivňují pouţívání ošetřovatelské diagnostiky v praxi. Výzkumné šetření probíhalo od června 2011 do listopadu 2011. Výsledky: Podle našeho výzkumného souboru nejvíce ovlivňují pouţívání ošetřovatelských diagnóz v praxi následující faktory: počet pacientů na 1 sestru, administrativní zátěţ, syndrom vyhoření, nedostatek času, rozdíly v teorii a praxi a nedostatek personálu. Statisticky významné rozdíly v hodnocení faktorů podle věku byly zjištěny v hodnocení 2 faktorů: rozdíly v teorii a praxi, nedostatek motivace. Podle dosaţeného vzdělání byly statisticky významné rozdíly zjištěny v hodnocení 4 faktorů: nejednotnost ošetřovatelských diagnóz, terminologie diagnóz, rozdíly v teorii a praxi, rutinní práce. V závislosti na typu pracoviště byly statisticky významné rozdíly nalezeny v hodnocení 5 faktorů: terminologie diagnóz, rozdíly v teorii a praxi, nedostatek praktických zkušeností s ošetřovatelskou diagnostikou, rutinní práce, syndrom vyhoření. Závěr: Rozeznání faktorů ovlivňujících pouţívání ošetřovatelských diagnóz v praxi a zlepšení institucionální podpory můţe ulehčit implementaci ošetřovatelské diagnostiky v klinické praxi, Aim: The main aim of the study was to identify which factors influenced the use of nursing diagnoses in clinical practice. Another aim was to ascertain whether age, education and type of workplace affected the relative importance accorded to these factors. Methods: A non-standardized questionnaire on factors influencing the use of nursing diagnoses was administered to a sample consisting of 243 registered general nurses from 9 healthcare facilities in the Czech Republic. Using Likert´s 5-point scale, the nurses rated the importance of several factors in influencing their use of nursing diagnoses in practice. The research was conducted between June 2011 and November 2011. Results: Based on our sample, there are several factors which influence the use of nursing diagnoses in practice. Some of them are: number of patients per nurse, administrative strain, burnout syndrome, lack of time, discrepancies between theory and practice, lack of staff. Statistically significant age-related differences in rating factors were found for the following: discrepancies between theory and practice, lack of motivation. Statistically significant differences in ratings relative to education were found for four factors: disunity of nursing diagnoses, diagnostic terminology, discrepancies between theory and practice, workplace routine. Based on type of workplace, statistically significant differences in ratings were found for five factors: diagnostic terminology, discrepancies between theory and practice, lack of practical experience in nursing diagnostics, workplace routine, burnout syndrome. Conclusion: Recognizing the factors which influence the use of nursing diagnoses and enhancing institutional support can facilitiate the implementation of nursing diagnostics in practice., Helena Macková, Renáta Zeleníková, and Literatura 14