Dosavadní rozšíření výrazného typu bronzové spony středolaténské konstrukce se zdobeným štítkovým lučíkem se omezuje pouze na středoevropský prostor s jednoznačným těžištěm výskytu v Čechách a na Moravě. Tato skutečnost opravňuje jejich J. Wernerem navržené označení jako „bójské“ spony. Spony získané z oppidálního prostředí ukazují na jejich rámcové datování do rozmezí stupňů LT C2-D1. and The existing distribution of a distinct type of bronze fibula of the Middle La Tène construction with a decorated plate bow is restricted to Central Europe, with a pronounced concentration of finds in Bohemia and Moravia. This fact justifies their designation as “Boiian” fibulae, as proposed by J. Werner. The fibulae acquired from oppida indicate a general dating in the phases LT C2-D1.
This discussion piece relates to Erazim Kohák’s book Domov a dálava (Hearth and Horizon), a book that has opened up an interesting and fruitful perspective for consideration of the question: What does it mean today to be a Czech? Inspired by Kohák’s emphasis on the attempt of the foremost Czech intellectuals to model their ideals of Czech culture in the context of the wider development of Europe as a whole, the author asks why Europe was the source of the nationalistic way of thinking and he considers how this thinking was the result of certain (unfortunate) conditions and decisions, and how the overcoming of this thinking is what may (paradoxically it would seem) be the new task of the Czech nation.
Autor reaguje na publikaci archeologického výzkumu na tabulové hoře Úhošť z pera Zdeňka Smrže. Diskusí procházejí přírodní parametry, otázka opevnění a umělého pahorku. Příspěvek zařazuje Úhošť do kontextu dalších tabulových hor ve střední Evropě, které vydaly doklady svého využití od doby bronzové do středověku. and The author responds to the publication of an archaeological excavation conducted at the Úhošť mesa by Zdeněk Smrž. The article addresses the site’s natural parameters, the issue of fortifications and the man-made hilltop, and also places Úhošť in the context of other mesas in Central Europe that have produced evidence of their use from the Bronze Age to the Middle Ages.
V roce 2013 uplynulo 170 let od přijetí tzv. „systému tří period“ (doba kamenná, bronzová a železná) v české archeologii. V jeho praktickém použití patří priorita Dánu Ch. J. Thomsenovi (publikováno 1836) před soudobými německými badateli (Lisch, Danneil), pro německojazyčnou sféru (včetně české) měl zásadní význam překlad Thomsenova textu do němčiny (1837). V Čechách jej poprvé jednoznačně aplikoval J. V. Hellich, první kustos archeologie v Národním muzeu v Praze, v rukopise rukověti české archeologie z roku 1843 – tedy souběžně s jeho přijetím ve většině evropských zemí jižně od Dánska. Silný odpor proti „skandinavismu“ v německé archeologii 2. pol. 19. stol. neměl v Čechách širší ohlas, spíše tento systém narážel na přetrvávající zaměření české vědy k etnohistorickým interpretacím; teprve na počátku 20. stol. byl zápas obou směrů vybojován ve prospěch plného uplatnění třídobé periodizace v duchu artefaktuálního pozitivismu. and The year 2013 marked the 170th anniversary of the adoption of the ‘three-age system’ (the Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age) in Bohemian archaeology. The Dane Christian Jurgensen Thomsen, who published his findings in 1836, is given more credit for the practical application of the three-age system than his contemporaries, the German scholars Lisch and Danneil. The translation of Thomsen’s text into German in 1837 was of fundamental importance for the German-speaking sphere (including Czech). The three-age system was first unambiguously applied in Bohemia by J. V. Hellich, the first curator of archaeology at the National Museum in Prague, in an 1843 manual of Bohemian archaeology, i.e. simultaneously with the adoption of the system in the majority of European countries south of Denmark. The strong resistance to ‘Scandinavism’ in German archaeology in the second half of the nineteenth century was not widely shared in Bohemia. Instead, this system probably ran up against the lingering focus of Bohemian research on ethnohistorical interpretations. It wasn’t until the beginning of the twentieth century that the conflict between the two directions was settled in favour of the full application of the three-age periodisation in the spirit of artefactual positivism.
The revival of the UN Security Council’s regulatory powers after the end of the Cold War as well as new challenges to international peace and security have led to the development and diversification of UN operational tools. In the absence of United Nations’ own material capacities to undertake necessary military action, due to the non-conclusion of agreements provided for in Article 43 of the UN Charter by which UN Member States would commit to provide the necessary force and other assistance to the Security Council upon its call, the latter developed other means. Today, there co-exist two mandated operations by the Security Council vested with the power to use force, each however within a different scope, limits and objective: UN-led “Blue Helmets” and UN-authorized military operations. This functional rapprochement causes nevertheless a great confusion, both in practice and recently in the judicial sphere. Hence, the clarification of the legal regime of each is essential. While the UN-led Blue Helmets vested with the limited power to use force represent the new generation of peacekeeping operations, the UN-authorized operations constitute a decentralized execution of the Council’s enforcement measure. In the latter case the Security Council turns to UN Member States or regional organizations and delegates them its exclusive power to use force under Article 42 of the UN Charter to execute it under set conditions. The limitation of the use of force by the UN-led operation to the strict defence of its civilian mandate does not exempt it from the regime of coercion established under Chapter VII of the UN Charter either. This raises a question of the legal status of this UN-led operation and whether possibly such tool approaches the original concept of UN enforcement forces laid down in Article 43. Analysis of the converging and diverging elements of both operations shows the complexity of this operational domain, the clarification of which is proposed in this article via a legal perspective.
Velká Morava patří ke kontroverzním tématům středoevropské medievistiky. Nejedná se totiž o běžný předmět akademického výzkumu, ale o fenomén, který je trvale přítomen v novodobém politickém diskurzu střední Evropy. Myšlenka, že Velká Morava byla nejstarším státem (státním útvarem) středoevropských Slovanů, na který přímo navazovala státnost českých Přemyslovců, polských Piastovců a uherských Arpádovců, tak zůstává ve středoevropském regionu stále živá. Slabina dosavadních přístupů spočívá v tom, že stát byl chápán jako axiom, o jehož existenci se nepochybuje. Současný proud bádání přistupuje k velkomoravské státnosti mnohem kritičtěji. Obrací se, stejně jako moderní evropská medievistika, k etnologii či sociální a kulturní antropologii, v níž hledá opory pro svoje interpretační modely i nové pojmosloví. and Great Moravia is a controversial theme within Central European Medieval studies. Rather than being a standard subject of academic research it is a phenomenon that has been a constant in Central European modern political discourse. The idea that Great Moravia was the earliest state of Central European Slavs, which was a direct predecessor of the statehood of the Czech Přemyslids, the Polish Piasts and the Hungarian Arpáds family, remains very much alive in the Central European region. The weak point of the earlier approaches consists in the fact that the state was taken to be an axiom, the existence of which was not questioned. The contemporary line of research examines Great Moravian statehood from a more critical point of view. Just as with modern European medieval studies it turns to ethnology as well as social and cultural anthropology, where it hopes to find support for its interpretational models and new terminology.
Práce se zabývá mlecími nástroji z období kultury s vypíchanou keramikou (STK; 5100/5000 – 4500/4400 cal.BC). Vedle ujednocení české terminologie vztahující se k pravěkým mlecím zařízením a kromě morfometrické či surovinové analýzy nálezového souboru, bylo záměrem této práce studium postupu při výrobě mlýnků z křemenného porfyru (paleoryolitu) a interpretace jejich „životního cyklu“ (chaîne opératoire; operational sequence). Zdroje nejdůležitější suroviny na výrobu mlýnků se nacházejí ve vzdálenosti do 5 km od lokality. Dalším cílem práce bylo interpretovat roli sídelního areálu s rondelem na základě komplexního studia ručních kamenných mlýnků a v konfrontaci s dřívějšími analýzami jiných typů nálezů. Vzhledem k přítomnosti rondelu, zdrojů surovin a strategické komunikační poloze sídelního areálu je možné uvažovat o jeho centrální funkci pro širší okolí. and The paper deals with grinding tools from the Stroke Pottery culture period (STK; 5100/5000 – 4500/4400 cal. BC). Apart from unification of the Czech terminology relating to prehistoric grinding tools and apart from the morphometric or raw material analyses of the find assemblage, this work aims to study the production procedure of millstones from quartz porphyry (palaeorhyolite) and the interpretation of their “life cycle” (chaîne opératoire; operational sequence). The outcrop of the most important raw material for the production of millstones is situated within 5 km far from the site. Another aim of this work was to interpret the possible role of the settlement area with a rondel (circular enclosure, Kreisgrabenanlage) based on a complex study of hand millstones in the light of earlier analyses of other types of finds. With regard to the presence of the rondel, raw material sources and strategic communications location of the settlement area, it is possible to consider its central function within the wider surroundings.
The article deals with the regulation of the use of Czech, German and classical languages in the administrative, school and Church spheres as it appears in the decrees published during Joseph II’s reign for the lands of the Bohemian crown. The author attempts to reconstruct the emperor’s vision of the usage of the different languages in the Czech lands, find the reasoning behind it, and identify the methods of this regulation. He also asks whether, in Joseph II’s case, one can speak about a "language policy" as a deliberate strategy to change the language situation in the Czech lands., Dmitrij Timofejev., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
This article deals with what is known as the Passional of Abbot Kunhuta and his association with this manuscript. It presents the life of the Abbot and focuses on selected aspects involving the compilation and usage of the Passional, e.g. the identities of the manuscript client and the addressee, the purpose behind the work and the layout of selected texts and painted decorations. A fresh analysis reveals the considerable influence of Colda of Colditz on the layout of the textual part of the Passional and its decorative scheme.
Egypt is considered to be one of the few countries in which Arab culture flourished among the Jews, in both the popular and the canonical fields. Some of Jews, such as Yacqūb Ṣanūc (James Sanua) (1839-1912), Togo Mizraḥī (1901-1987), and Laylā Murād (1918-1995), rose to prominence. However, on the whole, Jewish involvement was relatively limited in comparison to Iraq, probably because Arabic had low status among Egyptian Jews. A Jew as “a carbon copy of ibn al-balad” was never a desired option for most of the Egyptian-Jewish writers, artists, and intellectuals. Due to the peculiar demographic structure of Egyptian Jewry, the dreams of its members were much more infused with the spirit of Alexandrian cosmopolitanism, which was the product of a limited period and singular history – that of the crumbling Ottoman Empire.
The 48-hour "Aladin" forecast model can predict significant meteorological quantities in a middle scale area. Neural networks could try to replace some statistical techniques designed to adapt a global meteorological numerical forecast model for local conditions, described with real data surface observations. They succeed commonly a cut above problem solutions with a predefined testing data set, which provides bearing inputs for a trained model. Time-series predictions of the very complex and dynamic weather system are sophisticated and not any time faithful using simple neural network models entered only some few variables of their own next-time step estimations. Predicted values of a global meteorological forecast might instead enter a neural network locally trained model, for refine it. Differential polynomial neural network is a new neural network type developed by the author; it constructs and substitutes for an unknown general sum partial differential equation of a system description, with a total sum of fractional polynomial derivative terms. This type of non-linear regression is based on trained generalized data relations, decomposed into many partial derivative specifications. The characteristics of composite differential equation solutions of this indirect type of a function description can facilitate a much greater variety of model forms than is allowed using standard soft-computing methods. This adjective derivative model type is supposed to be able to solve much more complex problems than is usual using standard neural network techniques.
Cíl studie: Výsledek každé analýzy DNA je do značné míry závislý na typu biologického materiálu použitého pro extrakci nukleových kyselin. Cílem naší studie je porovnat vlastnosti DNA extraktů získaných dvěma různými izolačními postupy z buněk bukální sliznice, močového sedimentu, nehtů, vlasových kořínků a periferních krevních buněk. Materiál a metody: Biologické vzorky byly získány od 24 dobrovolníků s mediánem věku 31 let (25–54 let). Izolace DNA byla provedena fenol-chloroformovou extrakcí a pomocí separačních mikrokolonek (Qiagen). Eluční objem byl v obou případech 50 μl. Extrakty byly charakterizovány spektrofotometricky, fluorimetricky, elektroforeticky a z hlediska účinnosti následné PCR amplifikace. Výsledky: Nejvyšší koncentrace DNA obsahovaly extrakty z buněk periferní krve a bukální sliznice; nejnižší koncentrace DNA byly izolovány z vlasových kořínků. Všechny typy extraktů měly uspokojivou čistotu (mediány v rozmezí 1,7–1,9). Podíl nefragmentované DNA ve vzorcích získaných mikrokolonkovou metodou byl téměř dvojnásobný v porovnání s fenolovou extrakcí. Procentuální zastoupení nefragmentovaných molekul klesal podle biologického zdroje v následující řadě: krev (73,3 %) > bukální sliznice (63,5 %) > močový sediment (31,3 %) > nehty (25,3 %) > vlasy (20,4 %). Amplifikační účinnost u extraktů z periferní krve, bukálního stěru a močového sedimentu byla vyšší než u extraktů z nehtů a vlasů. Závěr: Všechny analyzované extrakty pocházející z krevních buněk, bukální sliznice, močového sedimentu, nehtů a vlasů poskytly dostatek DNA molekul k provedení molekulárně biologických vyšetření. Nejvhodnějšími materiály byly krevní buňky a buňky bukální sliznice. Z nich připravené extrakty měly nejvyšší koncentraci a čistotu DNA bez ohledu na použitou izolační metodu, nejnižší podíl degradované DNA a nejvyšší účinnost amplifikace krátkých i dlouhých amplikonů., Objective: Results of DNA testing depend in many cases on the type of biological material used for extraction of nucleic acids. The aim of the study is to compare properties of DNA extracts prepared using two different isolation procedures from buccal cells, urine sediment, nails, hair roots, and peripheral blood cells. Material and Methods: Biological material was collected from 24 volunteers at median age of 31 years (range 25–54 years). Phenol–chloroform extraction and spin microcolumn extraction method (Qiagen) were used for DNA isolation. In both the procedures, the elution volume was 50 μl. The extracts were characterized optically (UV spectrophotometric and fluorimetric analyses), electrophoretically, and by PCR amplification efficiency. Results: The highest DNA concentrations were found in extracts from peripheral blood and buccal cells; the lowest DNA concentrations were in hair extracts. All types of the extracts had acceptable purity (medians 1.7–1.9). The content of nonfragmented DNA molecules in the microcolumns extracts was almost twofold higher in comparison to the phenol ones. The percentages of non-fragmented DNA decreased as follows: blood (73.3 %) > buccal cells (63.5 %) > urine sediment (31.3 %) > nails (25.3 %) > hair roots (20.4 %). The amplification efficiency in the peripheral blood, buccal swab, and urine extracts was significantly higher than in the nail and hair extracts. Conclusion: All analyzed DNA extracts received from blood, buccal cells, urine sediment, nails, and hair roots provided a sufficient number of integral DNA molecules for following DNA testing. The best quality of DNA was found in extracts from blood and buccal cells (high concentrations and purity, low degree of fragmentation, and high efficiency of amplification for either short or long PCR amplicons)., Beránek M., Hegerová J., Drastíková M., and Literatura 25
In the wake of the national and political conflict in the Middle East, Arab-Jewish culture has undergone a process of marginalization and negligence, as well as a gradual descent into utter oblivion, owing to both Arab-Musim and Hebrew-Jewish-Zionist national and culural systems. Both sides, each with its own form of limited reasoning and particularistic considerations, have refused to accept the legitimacy of Arab-Jewish hybridism highlighting instead "pure" nationally, culturally, and religiously exclusive identities. The article explores the gradual demise of Arab-Jewish cultural hybridism, which, from a historical point of view, coexisted with Arab-Muslim and Arab-Christian hybridisms during some periods. Following a short era in the twentieth century during which Arab-Jewish culture flourished, especially in Egypt and Iraq, we are currently witnessing the demise of that culture. Consequently, Israeli-Arab Jews, or those seen as their offspring, currently have, or will have in the near future, three man cultural options. The first - the revival of active Jewish involvement in Arab canonical culture - is probably impossible. The second option is involvement in popular Israeli culture; this option is characterized by a strong longing for legitimacy - Jewish musicians and singers of Arab origin have accomplished a great deal in this field. The third option is participation in the activities of the canonical Hebrew culture.
The author examines the clientele of the Bratislava booksellers Anton Löwe and Philip Ulrich Mahler in the context of the Hungarian book trade from 1770 to 1800. By analysing the extant correspondence of Michal Institoris Mošovský, a protestant pastor in Bratislava, she was able to partially identify one segment of their customer base - protestant clergymen. For many years these members of the petty intelligentsia purchased from the Bratislava booksellers, in particular imported works by the German pietists and Enlightenment theologians. The author also investigated the social and geographical limits of the distribution process, some of the contact and distribution networks, and the identity of key figures., Petronela Križanová., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy