The large compendium titled Die österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild contains two volumes devoted to Bohemia (1894 and 1896) and one volume devoted to Moravia and Silesia (1897). Chapters on folk culture are accompanied by a plethora of pictures, a significant number of which depict rural residents wearing traditional dress. However, the informative value of illustrations depicting folk costumes from Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia as a source for ethnological research is limited. The unbalanced selection of examples from individual regions is problematic. Understandably, a great emphasis was placed on the German ethnic group, but even ethnographic regions inhabited by Czech population are not represented proportionally to the preservation of traditional culture, so the resulting visual perception does not even correspond to the reality in the late nineteenth century. Czech painters were addressed to illustrate two volumes about Bohemia, but the Moravia and Silesia volume was illustrated almost exclusively by artists with ties to the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts, where they studied or taught, and to the imperial court. However, not only Viennese, but even all Czech painters had no direct experience with the folk culture in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia. They worked according to supplied photographs, the availability of which eventually influenced the choice of illustrations. The successful level of both the drawing and painting templates and their xylographic treatments posed a positive aspect. And what is essential - the comparison with the traced model photographs confirms their basically faithful interpretation. Even so, the ethnologist cannot underestimate the critical insight into the documentary value of the illustrations accompanying the admirably monumental work Die österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild, named Kronprinzenwerk after its initiator and partly co-author, Crown Prince Rudolf.
Celobronzové komponenty ochranné zbroje jsou fenoménem, který se ve středoevropském nálezovém fondu objevuje poprvé počátkem doby popelnicových polí. Na Moravě je dnes tato zbroj doložena kromě dvou částí bronzových přileb (Služín, Brno-Řečkovice) a starším nálezem náholenice (Kuřim) také zlomkem pancíře (Ivančice 4). Pouze u náholenice není znám nálezový kontext, ostatní artefakty pocházejí z depotů a jsou karpatské provenience. Typologicky i kontextem depotů jsou moravské nálezy bronzové zbroje datovány do rozpětí stupňů B D2 – Ha B1. Plech pancíře z depotu Ivančice 4 byl podle materiálové analýzy vyroben z klasického bronzu mechanickým tvářením s následným rekrystalizačním žíháním. V obvodovém lemu ramenního výkroje pancíře byla zakována tyčinka ze slitiny PbSn, která posloužila jako měkký podklad pro vykování ohybu okraje. Olovo bylo sice v době popelnicových polí vzácně již vyráběno a používáno, v technologické aplikaci při výrobě bronzového pancíře je však nálezem v depotu Ivančice 4 takto prokázáno poprvé. and Solid bronze armour components are a phenomenon that first appears in Central European find assemblages at the beginning of the Urnfield culture period. In addition to two parts of bronze helmets (Služín, Brno-Řečkovice) and an old find of a greave (Kuřim), this armour is also documented today in Moravia by a fragment of cuirass (Ivančice 4). The find context is unknown only in the case of the greave; the other artefacts come from hoards and are of Carpathian provenance. Typologically and based on the context of the hoards, the Moravian finds of bronze armour are dated to the period between stages B D2 and Ha B1. According to a material analysis, the sheet metal of the cuirass from the Ivančice 4 hoard is made from classic bronze that was mechanically shaped and subsequently treated by recrystallisation annealing. A bar from a PbSn alloy hammered into the edge of the shoulder cut-out of the cuirass served as a soft base for bending the edge. Although lead was occasionally made and used already in the period of the Urnfield culture, the find from the Ivančice 4 hoard marked the first time its technological application was demonstrated in the production of bronze cuirasses.
Similar to other advanced semiotic systems, we differ three aspects in the magic fairy-tale - creation The study deals with the analysis of the source Consignatio Processionum ex Decanatibus Parochii in Marchionatus Moravia existencibus annue Duci Solitarum (1771, written in Latin and deposited in the archive funds of the Olomouc Consistory, which brings knowledge concerning pilgrim activities in Moravia, or, more precisely, in the diocese of Olomouc in 1771. The source lists 448 locations in total, from which people made collective pilgrimages or processions, several villages from one parish frequently setting off on a common pilgrimage. On the basis of the analysis of Consignatio processionum [...] we can find out that during 1771, pilgrims from the whole of the diocese of Olomouc set off on journeys to 328 places. Out of these 328 places, 91 were places of pilgrimage of varying importance (including places abroad), in further 70 places we cannot claim with certainty that we deal with a place of pilgrimage of local importance, or if people made a pilgrimage there in connection with the church or chapel patronal feast day. On the basis of the established data, we can form an idea about the density of the pilgrim traffic, the number of the places visited, or for example the destinations of the pilgrims beyond the borders of Moravia (whether Polish Częstochowa, Hungarian Šaštín, or Styrian Mariazell), and a number of other factors connected with carrying out collective pilgrimages.
The paper examines the identification, distribution, chronology and interpretation of Roman-Provincial rimmed storage vessels, which were among the Roman imports to the area north of the Danube in the 2nd century and the first half of the 3rd century. The spread of Roman coarse ware storage vessels occurred in the second half of the 2nd century. These are mainly found in Elbe-Germanic settlements (usually in sunken huts) in southern Moravia and south-western Slovakia. Some were quite voluminous (e.g. the storage vessels from Jevíčko and Křepice were up to 50 litres) and probably contained a variety of plant or animal foodstuff (e.g. seafood, exotic fruits, and various fermented or chilled foodstuffs).
The study follows the lives of top state administrative representatives in Moravia who were affected by the fall of the Habsburg monarchy and the formation of Czechoslovakia. The new state adopted the state administration and administrative workers of the Habsburg monarchy. The rate of continuity of the administrative staff was relatively high; however, the demise of the monarchy still influenced the lives of many employees in the state administration. German nationals were hit hardest, and were often forced to cede important positions to new Czech office holders. The replacement of the last Moravian governor Karl Heinold by Jan Černý is one example - the tale of the dusk of one top official and the dawn of another. and Článek zahrnuje poznámkový aparát pod čarou
With the end of MIS3, the unity of larger Gravettian settlements based predominantly on mammoth exploitation split into a mosaic of smaller Epigravettian sites with specific behaviors and economies. Based on C14 chronology, the site of Stránská skála IV (together with Grubgraben, Ságvár and Kašov), correlates with a brief warm period after the Last Glacial Maximum around 22 ka calBP. We detected two main accumulations of predominantly horse bones under a rock cliff suggesting that the site was not a regular settlement but rather a specialised hunting site. No features or hearths were recovered. Lithic raw materials were imported from long distances, and the horse hunting strategy profitted from the specific geographic qualitites of the site. Preferential location of Epigravettian sites in secluded valleys is a pattern generally recognized in Moravia and usually explained as a response to the harsh MIS2 climates. and Po skončení relativně příznivější periody MIS3 se původní jednota velkých gravettských sídlišť, převážně závislých na exploataci mamutů, proměňuje v mozaiku menších stanovišť epigravettienu (MIS2), které dokládají specifické chování a loveckou ekonomiku případ od případu. V letech 1985–1987 jsme pod skalním srázem na severním úbočí Stránské skály prozkoumali dvě centrální nálezové kumulace o průměru 5–7 m, tvořené převážně koňskými kostmi, prostoupené vápencovou sutí a nečetnou štípanou industrií epigravettienu (obr. 1–3; předběžně Svoboda 1990; 1991). Nálezy byly uloženy v nejvyšší části pleistocenní spraše, místy postižené následnou pedogenezí (obr. 4). Nebyly odkryty žádné sídelní struktury, tedy objekty ani ohniště, což ukazuje na specializované loviště využívající příhodný terén. Na základě radiokarbonové chronologie periody MIS2 a posledního glaciálního maxima (LGM) koreluje lokalita Stránská skála IV (spolu s lokalitami Grubraben, Ságvár a Kašov) s chladným obdobím GS-2.1c kolem data 22 ka calBP (Clark et al. 2009; Rasmussen et al. 2014; Hughes et al. 2016), ale podle paleobotanických analýz (viz níže) nebyly lokální klimatické podmínky tak drastické, jak bychom v této době očekávali.
The brooch dated to the Late Migration Period found in the cadastre of the flooded Mušov village, at the “Na pískách” site, is a square-headed bow brooch with knob decoration, a type that is rather unique in Moravia and Austria north of the Danube. Its shape and decoration resembles the Herbrechtingen type, which is found mainly in Schwarzwald in south Germany. On the territory of the Czech Republic, its occurrence is mostly linked with the presence of the Lombard tribes and dated to the second third of the 6th century.
The topic of this article is the engagement of Lipolt Krajíř of Kraig († 1433) in the Hussite wars. Krajíř was among the innumerable members of Sigismund of Luxembourg’s retinue who actively fought the Hussites in three central European lands. Lipolt’s importance within the Catholic party is especially proven by the fact that he was transferred—by Sigismund of Luxembourg and then by the Austrian Duke and Moravian Margrave Albert II of Habsburg—to places which were long threatened by the Hussites (České Budějovice) or actually under attack by them (Moravia, Austria).
A recently acquired collection of 1332 knapped stone and 15 pebble or platy slate artefacts were analyzed to verify the dating and origin of the well-known Magdalenian site Hranice III – Velká Kobylanka in the Moravian Gate (Moravia, Czech Republic). The inhabitants of the site were processing a number of local knapped stone materials rather than long-distance imports, though (locally available) erratic flints were mostly used for tool manufacture. The most prominent as regards the typology of tools are a number of microlithic triangles, already recorded in an older assemblage from the site, indicating the Older Dryas age of the collection. The absence of raw materials from the south-west (e. g. the Olomučany chert) and typological analogies from Eastern Germany and Poland indicate that the Magdalenians from Hranice may have represented a colonization wave independent of the one that probably settled dozens of caves of the Moravian Karst. The only 14C date acquired by us from the surface comes from the Atlanticum chronozone (Holocene) and dates some younger activity at the site. and Analýza nově získaného souboru 1332 ks štípané industrie a 15 valounových nebo destičkovitých břidlicových artefaktů byla provedena pro ověření datace a původu známé lokality Hranice III – Velká Kobylanka v Moravské bráně. Obyvatelé lokality využívali řadu místních, spíše než importovaných, surovin pro výrobu štípané industrie, ačkoliv k výrobě nástrojů byl využíván téměř výlučně (lokálně dostupný) eratický pazourek. Typologicky nejvýraznější jsou zde mikrolitické trojúhelníky, zaznamenané již při analýze starší kolekce a napovídající datování lokality do starého dryasu. Absence surovin z jihovýchodu (např. rohovce typu Olomučany) a typologická podobnost souboru s kolekcemi východní části Německa a Polska naznačují, že hranická lokalita možná představuje nezávislou kolonizační vlnu, lišící se od té, která osídlila desítky magdalénských lokalit Moravského krasu. Jediné radiokarbonové datum, které se nám podařilo získat z kosti ležící na povrchu, však pochází z období atlantiku (holocén) a souvisí s blíže nespecifikovanou mladší událostí v lokalitě.
Among facilities which were built by the Roman army in the wider space of the Burgstall hill in Mušov there is a well situated to the edge of the high terrace next to the former gravel pit on the Mušov-Neurissen site. The discovery of deer antler fragments near the bottom of the shaft was considered a random intrusion, it should have been an object accidentally dragged to the gravel. Discoveries of deer bones and antlers in other places of the barbarian territories and also in the Roman provinces allow us to change the primary conclusions. Some selected examples can be proof that parts of deer carcasses were often used in nonprophane manipulations within ritual acts in the Roman era. The Mušov example enables closer observation of the circumstances around antler handling. They took place after the Romans suddenly interrupted works on deepening the well and decided to leave the site.
The author deals with Baroque pilgrimages to Styrian Mariazell where people searched for help and solace, or they came there with gratitude for grace received from heaven. The information is drawn from surviving archival sources of both printed and written nature; these include pilgrim handbooks, books of miracles, and the direct testimony of a participant (celfotr) from the South Moravian town of Znojmo. The study focusses on the pilgrim and his or her duties associated with the preparation for the pilgrimage, such as providing for the farm and arranging money for the journey, but spiritual preparation was also important. The journey itself and the activities associated with the pilgrimage practice are also reflected. The main purpose of the journey was to see the object of reverence, the marvellous statue of the Virgin Mary; this was accompanied by ritualised acts, but the pilgrimage also had a completely secular aspect, such as purchase of various devotionals related to the pilgrimage site. The return journey did not have as strict rules as the journey to the pilgrimage site, but there are also interesting elements, e. g. the regular visit to Maria Taferl, another important Marian pilgrimage site in Lower Austria. Pilgrimages of Moravian inhabitants to Mariazell are observed in the period of the greatest flowering of this phenomenon in the first two thirds of the 18th century, but for capacity reasons the author does not take into account essential changes concerning Baroque religiosity that took place in the last third of the 18th century.
The animal osteological material from Přerov –
Horní náměstí 19, 20 comes from the 1990 and 1998 rescue excavations. Throughout the 10th / 11th / 12th centuries, domesticated species predominate over wildlife. Hunting and fishing were only an additional source of
livelihood. Common mammalian domesticated species were represented by: horses, cattle, pig, sheep, goats,
dogs, domesticated chickens and geese. The dominant role was played by cattle, sheep/goats, pigs and chickens. According to the number of bones and individuals, cattle and sheep/goats predominated over pigs during
the reference periods in this locality. The predominance of cattle and ruminants over pigs is rare, in general
cattle and pigs represent the greatest part of osteological collections from early medieval excavations. This
phenomenon could be related only to economic habits (proximity of suitable pastures), or possibly a suitable
grazing climate. The composition of domesticated fauna (predominance of ruminants) is relatively rare in the
monitored periods. Cattle and domesticated pigs dominated in the contemporary central places in Bohemia,
Poland and Germany, but small ruminants were in a minority everywhere. Although we do not have enough
data on the actual share of different domesticated animals concerning bone weight in the available publications, it can be assumed that the dominant food source was mostly domesticated animals. Among the species
of wildlife, the most remains come from carp, deer, followed by roe deer, wild pigs and ducks. For the first
time in this period (until the middle of the 11th century), here is evidence of hunting and eating songbirds.
The height at withers of the domesticated species correspond to dimensions of animals in other localities of
the same period. From the point of view of gender, females dominated. A higher proportion of females may
indicate that these animals were used for the production of chicks, milk, lambs and wool.
Kovový depot objevený v r. 2013 při detektorovém průzkumu na západním svahu skalnatého hřebene geomorfologického okrsku Babí lom na katastru Svinošic (okr. Blansko) obsahuje šest sekerek s tulejkou, dva hroty kopí a polovinu slitku mědi. Podle sekerek a neobvyklého hrotu kopí s otvory v listu cizí provenience je nález datován do pozdního stupně doby popelnicových polí. Depot je výjimečný jak dokumentací jeho původního, záměrného uspořádání, tak topografickou situací ve vztahu k vodnímu toku, krajinné dominantně Babího lomu a předpokládané původní komunikaci. Analýza zakonzervovaných rostlinných zbytků s využitím radiokarbonového datování přispěla k rekonstrukci způsobu uložení a lokálního vegetačního spektra. Sídelně-topografická analýza prokázala korelace se soudobým osídlením regionu, ve kterém se i díky novému nálezu nachází jedna z depozitních makrokumulací na Moravě. and The metal hoard discovered in 2013 during a metal detector survey on the western slope of the rocky Babí lom ridge near Svinošice village (Blansko district) contains six socketed axes, two spearheads and half of an ingot of nearly pure copper. Based on the axes and the unusual point of the spearhead with openings in the blade of foreign origin, the find is dated to the final stage of the Urnfield period. The hoard is remarkable both for the documentation of its original intentional arrangement and for the topographical situation in connection with a watercourse, the dominant landscape feature of the Babí lom ridge and assumed original road. An analysis of preserved plant remnants also contributed in conjunction with radiocarbon dating to the reconstruction of the way the hoard was deposited and the local vegetation spectrum. The settlement- topographic analysis showed a correlation with the period settlement of the region, where, thanks also to the new find, one of the deposition macro-accumulations in Moravia is located.
Stránská skála represents an important geological and archaeological site. It is also known for its rich deposits of Jurassic cherts that were utilized in various ways during different stages of Moravian prehistory. The substantial Early Upper Paleolithic occupation events are of great significance and have been subject to several international research projects. Archaeological excavations targeting mining and workshop areas were resumed in the last years with a focus on Late Neolithic and Early Eneolithic activities. This paper introduces this project and summarizes recent results. Trends in the chipped industry within the Stránská skála workshop area are outlined, focusing on raw material variability, technology-typology, chronology, and socioeconomic aspects. The first indicators of the location and other aspects of post-Paleolithic mining activities in the field of Stránská skála III are introduced and discussed in the context of mining and workshop activities of similar contemporary features in the Czech Republic and neighboring regions. and Stránská skála představuje významnou geologickou a archeologickou lokalitu známou také jako bohatý zdroj jurských rohovců, které byly různou měrou využívány po velkou část moravského pravěku. V několika posledních letech byl obnoven výzkum těžebního a dílenského areálu na Stránské skále, a to především se zaměřením na poznání těchto aktivit v mladém neolitu až starém eneolitu. Studie přibližuje výsledky prvních výzkumných sezón projektu. Nastíněn je zde vývoj štípaných industrií z dílenského areálu, a to jak z pohledu surovinové variability místních rohovců, tak z hlediska technologicko-typologických, chronologických a socio-ekonomických aspektů. Představeny jsou rovněž první indicie týkající se lokalizace a charakteru post-paleolitické těžby rohovců v poloze Stránská skála III, jež jsou zasazeny do kontextu obdobně datovaných težebních a dílenských areálů v českých zemích a okolí.
The study analyses the ethnographical articles in selected periodicals published in the second half of the 19th century in Moravia: the Koleda calendar (1851-1858), the Koleda magazine (1876-1881) and the Komenský magazine (1873-1902). This study comments on the contribution of these publications to the documentation of folk culture in Moravia and formation of ethnology as a scientific discipline. It highlights the share of the editors and
contributors in the formation of the calendar and both magazines and points out some motives which led to the publication of the ethnographical texts. It recalls some fundamental articles. The analysed periodicals primarily focused on folklore in the Czech lands as well as other Slavic countries, family and annual customs and superstitions. In all three cases, ethnography was a supplementary, not a primary theme. The occurrence of ethnographical texts depended on current situation.
In 2019, a metal-detector find of an exceptionally well-preserved weapon was made in the complex of Ždánice Forest. We can classify it as a long-sword of Type XVIa, H1, 1b (according to Oakeshott 1964; Głosek 1984, 39–40, Fig. 4) and date it to the turn of the 15th century. Its blade was marked on both sides with three marks taking the form of a forked cross, a diagonal consisting of three equilateral crosses and, finally, a bishop's crosier. The weapon was assembled from a blade of Passau provenance and hilt-components characteristic of the wider Central European region. These and other facts concerning the sword were obtained through detailed analysis, which this study introduces.
Im Komplex der volkstümlichen Bekleidung in Mähren hat sich ziemlich lange ein altertümlicher Kleidungsbestandteil erhalten, der seine Parallelen bei allen Völkern der nördlichen Zone hat, die zur Anfertigung der Bekleidung Pelze verwenden. Dieses Bekleidungsstück entstand aus zwei über die Schultern geworfenen Häuten; es ist also eigentlich der Typ eines Ponchos und hat deshalb eine Schulternaht, weil das verwendete Material mit seiner Dimension zum Schutz vor der Kälte nicht ausreichen würde. In diesem Stadium ist es dem Schlechtwetterumwurf nahe verwandt, dem sog. Kotzen aus grobem Wollstoff (Lodenstoff), wie er in Oberösterreich und Tirol getragen wird. Da die Lederstücke verhältnismässig schmal waren, kam es notgedrungen zu ihrer Vernähung an den Seiten. So entstand eine lange ärmellose Pelzweste, was wahrscheinlich die ursprüngliche Form des Streifenpelzes ist, der bei uns noch im ausgehenden 18. Jahrhundert auf einem alten Votivbild aus der Kirche in Příbor belegt ist. Die endgültige Form, wie sie aus zahlreichen, vor allem ikonographischen Belegen aus der Haná aus dem 18. Jahrhundert bekannt ist, wurde derart gestaltet, dass man an die Weste Ärmel, gleichfalls aus Pelz, anfügte. Dieser Pelz stand in der Entstehung und im Typ einem Hemd nahe, als welches er auch von den Informatoren charakterisiert wird. Im gleichen Masse, wie dieses Kleidungsstück für kühle Witterung geeignet war, war es unpraktisch zum Anziehen. Wegen seines anliegenden Charakters konnte man es ohne Hilfe von aussen weder aus- noch anziehen. Bei den Westen sowie auch bei den Pelzen wurde der natürlich zipfelarlige Unterteil des Pelzes durch ein Zuschneiden vorn und hinten hervorgehoben, in älterer Zeit auch noch an den Hüften. Dies hatte nicht nur Zierbedeutung, sondern verfolgte auch praktische Zwecke. Die Chronologie der Berichte über das Vorkommen und das Verschwinden hängt mit der geographischen Verbreitung des Streifenpelzes zusammen. Wenig bekannt sind konographische Quellen aus dem südlichen Teil Mittelmährens, die zu den ältesten gehören, wenngleich sie erst aus dem 18. Jahrhundert stammen., So wird unter den Siegeln von Gemeinden im Gebiet von Moravský Krumlov auch des Siegel des Dorfes Tulešice mit dem Datum aus dem Jahre 1709 angeführt, auf dem deutlich ein Bauer in einem Streifenpelz ¨veranschaulich ist. Aus dem Ende der ersten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts stammt ein Bild der Stadt Brno zur Zeit der Fronleichnamsprozession von Korrompay. Unter den Zuschauern befindet sich auch ein kniender Bauer aus der Umgebung von Brno, der einen realistisch veranschaulichten Streifenpelz trägt. Etwas jünger ist die Krippenfigur aus der Minoritenkirche in Brno. Bald nachher verschwindet dieser Pelz aus der Tracht der Landbevölkerung um Brno. Aus dem J. 1800 stammt ein Archivbericht aus Velké Němčíce im südlichen Teil des Bezirkes Židlochovice. Je weiter man von Brno gegen Osten geht, desto länger erhielt sich dieses Kleidungsstück. Hier bilden die Gegenden um Vyškov, Bučovice, Ždánice und der nördliche Teil des Bezirks Kyjov einen einheitlichen Komplex. Für das Gebiet um Vyškov und Bučovice sprechen hinsichtilch des Streifenpelzes Malereien auf Fayencestücken, die ihre Inspiration durch Beobachtung der Umgebung gewannen. Ferner ist ein Bericht aus Kožušice (Bez. Bučovice) aus dem J.1900 wertvoll, der sich wahrscheinlich auf die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts bezieht. Auch können Berichte von Lehrern aus Věteřov und Stražovice aus dem J. 1893 Bezug auf diese Jahre haben. Die Bürstenbinder aus Ježov im nördlichen Teil des Bezirkes Kyjov trugen Streifenpelze noch um das J. 1860. In vielen Gemeinden ist dieser Pelz längst verschwunden, aber die Informatoren behalten die Vorstellung vom schwierigen Anziehen sowie die Bezeichnung des Kleidungsstückes noch immer im Bewusstsein., and Článek zahrnuje poznámkový aparát
The article analyzes set of normative sources which regulated the exercise of the profession of painters and sculptors in Brno in the 18th century (guilds’ statutes, government’s decrees, civic regulations, judicial sources etc.). The study interprets the decline of the artists’ guild organization in Brno in the 1750s in a wider perspective of economic and administrative reforms in the Habsburg monarchy. These reforms were marked by several particular initiatives made by the artist’s corporation in Brno, who came up with own unsuccessful proposals of various changes of the traditional city’s guild system. The study states that such initiatives should not be explained simply as symptoms of a changing urban society in Central Europe during the Enlightenment era, or as a consequence of the dynamics of proto-industrialization and the establishment of new economic as well educational institutions, but also as a result of the new product market and the demand shifted towards less expensive and more fashionable goods.
Klasická typochronologická schémata (nejen) starší doby bronzové jsou založena na detailním dělení znaků, kterým jsou přisuzovány chronologické vlastnosti. Jedná se nejen o vlastnosti artefaktů, ale také o podoby pohřebních zvyklostí a sídel. Současný výzkum oproti tomu směřuje spíše k definici robustnějších stupňů a sledování průběžnosti jevů. Systematické evidence a záchranné výzkumy umožňují vytvořit si představu o početnosti a podobě archeologických pramenů, ať už sídlišť či pohřebišť, ale i o obdobích, kdy se jejich archeologická evidence vytrácí. Zřejmé jsou tyto trendy v oblasti pohřebních zvyklostí, kde vedou k minimální archeologické zachytitelnosti pohřbů závěru starší doby bronzové kontrastující se zřejmou kontinuitou sídlišť. Tento příspěvek se zabývá otázkou konce únětických pohřebišť na Moravě spojenou s přesunem pohřbů na úroveň povrchu pod mohylový násep, a zaměřuje se na znaky považované za chronologicky citlivé, které mají ovšem zřetelně dlouhodobější výskyt. Pro zpracování jsou vybrány absolutně datované hroby a depozita lidských těl v jámách ze závěru starší a počátku střední doby bronzové, kterými můžeme tyto trendy podložit. and The classic typochronological schemes of the Early Bronze Age (and other periods) are based on a detailed separation of traits to which chronological qualities are attributed. These qualities involve both artefacts and the nature of burial customs and settlements. In contrast, current research is focussed instead on the definition of more robust stages and the tracking of the continuity of phenomena. Systematic records and rescue excavations have made it possible to create an impression of the frequency and form of archaeological sources, both settlements and burial grounds, as well as of the periods in which their archaeological records disappear. These trends are clear in the area of burial customs, where they lead to a minimal archaeological discernment of burials at the end of Early Bronze Age contrasting with the apparent continuity of settlements. This article addresses the issue of the end of Únětice cemeteries in Moravia connected with the movement of burials to the surface level beneath barrows and focuses on traits regarded as chronologically sensitive, which naturally have a clearly longer-term occurrence. Chosen for processing are graves with absolute dates and deposits of human bodies in pits from the end of the Early Bronze Age and the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age which can be used to document these trends.
Dnešní moderní, jakož i starší prvkové analýzy kovových artefaktů na bázi mědi z období staršího eneolitu a starší doby bronzové dokládají v západní části středního Podunají, a tedy i na území dnešní Moravy, rozšíření měděné suroviny původem kromě východních Alp a jihovýchodní Evropy také z oblasti Západních Karpat. V uvedených obdobích jde o měď pocházející z tetraedritové rudy. V daném kontextu se nabízí otázka, jaký význam sehrávala na Moravě měď západokarpatské provenience při produkci bronzové industrie v období popelnicových polí. Prvkové a izotopové analýzy měděných slitků z depotu Blučina 1 z mladší doby bronzové prokázaly jejich tetraedritovou chemickou signaturu. Tento poznatek autoři předkládaného článku doplnili o další analýzy slitků z depotů Blučina 1 a 13 metodou ICP-MS a ICP-OES a také analýzami stabilních izotopů olova. Na základě získaných výsledků je diskutována otázka provenience tetraedritové měděné suroviny z ložisek ležících v Západních Karpatech a východních Alpách. and Current modern, as well as older elemental analyses of metal artefacts from the period of Early Copper and Early Bronze Age are showing the distribution of copper material, originating in the area of Western Carpathians, in the western part of central Danube area, i.e. in the area of current Moravia, with the exception of Eastern Alps and south-east Europe. In all above mentioned chronological periods it is a copper from West Carpathians area coming from tetrahedrite ore. In given context appears a question of the importance of the copper from West Carpathians area in Moravia in times of peak production of bronze industry in the period of Urnfields cultures. Basic results of chemical and isotope analyses of the hoard Blučina 1 from the Late Bronze Age, uncovered in South Moravia show the presence of copper with tetrahedrite chemical structure. The authors of submitted article decided to add another analyses of metal ligatures by the methods ICP-MS and ICP-OES, as well as the analyses of stable isotopes of hoard 1 and 13 from Blučina to this known fact. On the basis of the results, the authors of the article are discussing the origin of the tetrahedrite copper material from the deposits in the Western Carpathians and Eastern Alps.
Lokality Blučina – Cezavy a Borotín poznajú archeológovia najmä v súvislosti s nálezmi depotov kovových predmetov. Prvá zmienená lokalita je na základe 18 dokumentovaných hromadných nálezov považovaná za regionálne centrum bronzovej metalurgie, kolekcia predmetov v Borotíne zaujala nálezom chalkopyritovej rudy priamo v depote. Súbory z obidvoch spomenutých nálezísk obsahujú okrem ďalších artefaktov aj polotovary suroviny vo forme zliatkov. Koncentrácia depotov na Blučine, doklady primárnej metalurgie v podobe ingotov a fragmentu rudy v Borotíne predurčuje zmienené skladby na riešenie problematiky proveniencie medenej suroviny na Morave v mladšej dobe bronzovej pomocou moderných archeometalurgických analýz. Predkladaný článok informuje odbornú verejnosť o predbežných výsledkoch chemickej (ICP-MS, ICP-OES) a izotopovej analýzy vybraných kovových zliatkov z hromadných nálezov Blučina 1 a Borotín. Na základe získaných výsledkov autori diskutujú o možnom pôvode medenej rudy z domácich ložísk, z banských regiónov v oblasti Východných Álp ako i Západných Karpát. and The sites of Blučina-Cezavy and Borotín in south Moravia are known by archaeologists mainly because of hoards of metal objects. On the basis of 18 documented hoards, the first mentioned site is considered a regional centre of bronze metallurgy, while the assemblage of objects from Borotín is considered interesting because of the find of chalcopyrite ore directly in the hoard. Both collections also contain, apart from other artefacts, raw material in the form of ingots. The concentration of hoards in Blučina and evidence of primary metallurgy in the form of ingots and ore fragments in Borotín make these collections useful for solving the issue of the provenance of copper in Moravia in the Late Bronze Age with the help of modern archaeometallurgical analyses. The submitted paper informs the professional community of the preliminary results of chemical (ICP-MS, ICP-OES) and lead isotope analyses of selected ingots from the Blučina 1 and Borotín hoards. On the basis of the collected results, the authors discuss the possible origin of the copper ore from local deposits, mining regions in the area of the Eastern Alps as well as the Western Carpathians.
An archaeological survey of the multicultural site in Moravičany at Soutok has been underway since the 1950s. It is a site around the current church of St. George, near the confluence of the Třebůvka and Morava rivers. In addition to numerous settlements from practically all epochs of prehistory and protohistory, the settlement in the Early and High Middle Ages were documented. The oldest finds date back to the Early Slavonic Period and continue in the Early Hillfort Period and the Middle Hillfort Period. However, this is a rural agricultural settlement. Since the 11th century, an increase in settlement and burial activities has been observed and the site was fortified, probably in connection with the direction of long-distance communications. The Soutok site was abandoned in connection with the newly established village on the site of the present Moravičany at the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries. Finds from the Middle Ages are related to the functioning of the ecclesiastical site with the church of St. George, the rectory and the court.
Between 2014 and 2015, a rescue excavation was carried out in the course of evaporative drying of the masonry of St. Procopius Church in Loštice. It complemented the knowledge acquired by a construction-history investigation in 1993, concerning above all the Romanic phase of the edifice. The extent and aspect of the church were also made clearer by geophysical research conducted here in 2018. The original church was elongated, flat-roofed, single-nave building closed by semi-circle apse. Its founder was Petr from Loštice in the first quarter of the 13th century, the son of castle manager and cupbearer Bohuta from Bílina. Petr had his manor, possibly a court later substituted by medieval stronghold, built in Loštice close to the church.
The Tovačov lawbook is one of the most important sources of the Moravian provincial law in the 15th and 16th century. It has never been printed but it was spread only by numerous manuscripts. This lawbook was published in two editions in 1858 and 1868. Legal historian F. Čáda made an analysis of manuscripts in the end of 1960s. A newly discovered manuscript (Moravian Land Archive Brno) belongs to the oldest manuscripts layer. It is a part of convolute together with prints of Moravian Provincial Code of 1516 and Bohemian Vladislaus Provincial Code of 1500. New manuscript belongs to the Olomouc group of manuscripts of Tovačov lawbook and it is analysed in the context of other known manuscripts.
The authors deal with the development of the settlement of the Malá Haná region on the border of historical Moravia during the Late Roman Period (stages C3–D1) and during the Migration Period. After the intense settling of settlements by the Suebi with the Roman-provincial, Przeworsk culture and Chernyakhov culture contacts, which culminate in stage D1, there are strong ties to South Moravia and the Central Danube region at Malá Haná in stages D2 and D3, or alternatively to the Danube-East Germanic cultural group from the 5th century (finds of fibulas, buckles, ironwork in the style of Untersiebenbrunn, probably a Hun sax, skeletal grave from Knínice). Through Malá Haná we can assume the movement of the Lombards on their way from Bohemia to South Moravia, as evidenced by the unique finds of parts of the belt garnitures from Jevíčko and probably also by unique finds of swords (spathae) from two other sites.
This paper discusses the pottery finds from the 2003–2005 excavation of the settlement at Pellendorf/Gaweinstal in the central eastern area of the Weinviertel district in Lower Austria. The early medieval settlement was occupied from the 7th to the 10th centuries. The pottery finds from the 9th/10th century are characterised by shapes typical of the Mikulčice and Blučina pottery groups and of the March pottery in southern Moravia, and thus revealing intensive contact to the Great Moravian centres on the River March in that period. The paper also mentions further sites with the same pottery in northern Lower Austria, which, taken as a whole, indicate that in the 9th century the area was culturally, economically, and thus presumably also politically, closely connected to the Moravian Empire. and Výzkum sídlištní lokality Pellendorf/Gaweinstal ležící ve středu východní části oblasti Weinviertel (Dolní Rakousko) poskytl v letech 2003–2005 keramický materiál, který je diskutován v předložené studii. Sídliště bylo využíváno od 7. do 10. století. Keramika z přelomu 9. a 10. stol. se vyznačuje tvary a výzdobou, jež jsou typické pro soudobá velkomoravská centra na řece Moravě. Pozornost je věnována také dalším lokalitám v severní části Dolního Rakouska, z nichž pocházejí keramické nálezy obdobného charakteru. V celkovém pohledu tento nálezový inventář svědčí o úzkém kulturním, ekonomickém, a patrně i politickém propojení příslušných oblastí Dolního Rakouska s Velkou Moravou v 9. století.
The presented article examines the early medieval settlement in Brno- -Medlánky. The archaeological finds were evaluated to obtain settlement spatial development and to reveal the practical, social and natural dimension of the settlement after the synthesis of the evidence. The relevance of the site in relation to early medieval Brno was also considered. The large quantity of ceramics, which was essential for this research, was processed using the database of J. Macháček. This enabled me to date the settlement between the 6th/7th to the 9th/10th century and, based on quantification, to characterise the morphological and technological features of the complex. The archaeological material was also compared with the material from other similar sites. The results of this analysis were acquired from data in the graphs, figures and quantification tables. The other findings were processed using descriptive models. Scientific analyses have proven the presence of blacksmithing and iron metallurgy at the site. Agricultural activities and processing of leather and textile were also documented at the site. The typical cumulative structure was evaluated within the framework of spatial analyses, together with the form and spatial development of the settlement. Moreover, the article deals with the complete skeletons of two dogs and one horse, and the human skeleton found in a storage pit. The complete animal skeletons were probably deposited for hygienic reasons; the human skeleton possibly proves an execution.
The present study evaluates the medieval component of a rescue excavation carried out in the outer bailey of Tepenec Castle in 1971–1975. The castle, built during the 1330s–40s, ceased to exist due to war events in the early 15th century. A trench intersected the whole area of the fortified complex transversely from the northwest to the southeast (855 sqm). Two remnants of buildings dated to the High Middle Ages were partially examined. An assemblage of pottery and metal finds makes it possible to date both structures – mainly to the second half of the 14th and the early 15th centuries. The built-up area of the outer bailey cannot be considered a lower castle town but rather the so-called “latrán”.
In the first third of 19th century the romantic movement inspired interest in folklore. Folk art was collected, published and reworked by professional artists, especially as concerned epic folklore genres. Authentic legends, published in Vienna by Alois
Mednyanský, include a romantic novella in a remarkable way utilising a folklore theme from two different European cultures. The study traces and analyses the folklore theme used for the story and tries to reconstruct the path through which the theme from the remote Scotland reached Mednyanský. The novella intentionally
creates an impression to be a historic legend set in the times of
Hussite wars, being interlaced with strongly pro-Catholic criticism of the period happenings. The story adopts the character of the Bohemian sorcerer called Žito 74 and uses elements of Moravian life and institutions. A Moravian patrician in the role of a romantic
pilgrim sets off for a dangerous journey with a tragic end. The description of Scottish life documents profound knowledge and understanding of Scottish legends and local names by the author. In addition it documents period fascination with Scottish history. Past of the novella analyses the ritual of taghairm nan caht - its variants and functions in the traditional Gaelic culture - its description is the literary apogee of the novella and was probably taken over from the London paper The Literary Gazette.