This paper surveys a new approach to interpretation of Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus - the resolute reading. The proponents of the resolute interpretation (especially Cora Diamond and James F. Conant) have argued that the central point of Tractatus is § 6.54. The reading of the section should be resolute, which means the sentences in Tractatus are simply nonsense (einfach Unsinn). Thus, the Tractatus’ aim is not a theory or doctrine of aspects of reality, language or their relation. On the other hand, the main point of the text should be elucidation of the reader’s points. The paper analyses two assumptions in the resolute reading and submits criticism of them. The basis of the criticism is to verify the validity of resolute reading’s assumptions by reference to Notebooks, Prototractatus, correspondence and some manuscripts and typescripts from the Tractatus period in Wittgenstein’s thinking., Příspěvek se zabývá novým přístupem k interpretaci Wittgensteinova Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus - rozhodného čtení. Zastáncové rozhodného výkladu (obzvláště Cora diamant a James F. Conant) argumentovali, že centrální bod Tractatus je § 6.54. Čtení sekce by mělo být rozhodné , což znamená, že věty v Tractatus jsou prostě nesmysly ( einfach Unsinn ). Tak, Tractatus ' cíl není teorie nebo doktrína aspektů reality, jazyka nebo jejich vztahu. Na druhé straně by hlavní bod textu měl být objasněnčtenářských bodů. Příspěvek analyzuje dva předpoklady v rozhodném čtení a kritizuje je. Základem kritiky je ověřit platnost předpokladů rozhodného čtení odkazem na Notebooky, Prototractatus , korespondenci a některé rukopisy a strojopisy z období Tractatus v Wittgensteinově myšlení., and Tomáš Došek
The article deals with the question of correct reconstruction of and solutions to the ancient paradoxes. Analyzing one contemporary example of a reconstruction of the so-called Crocodile Paradox, taken from Sorensen’s A Brief History of Paradox, the author shows how the original pattern of paradox could have been incorrectly transformed in its meaning by overlooking its adequate historical background. Sorensen’s quoting of Aphthonius, as the author of a certain solution to the paradox, seems to be a systematic failure since the time of Politiano’s erroneous attributing it to Aphthonius. In the conclusion, the author claims that neglecting the historical background of the ancient paradoxes into account, we are neither able to evaluate their modern interpretations as adequate nor their solutions as successful., Článek se zabývá otázkou správné rekonstrukce a řešení starověkých paradoxů. Analýza jednoho současného příkladu rekonstrukce tzv. Krokodýlového paradoxu, převzatého z Sorensenovy stručné historie paradoxu , ukazuje, jak mohl být původní vzor paradoxu ve svém významu nesprávně transformován tím, že přehlédl jeho historické pozadí. Sorensenovo citování Aphthoniusa, jako autora určitého řešení paradoxu, se jeví jako systematické selhání od doby, kdy ho politiánův omyl přisuzoval Aphthoniusovi. V závěru autorka prohlašuje, že zanedbání historického pozadí starověkých paradoxů není schopno hodnotit jejich moderní interpretace jako adekvátní ani jejich řešení jako úspěšná., and Vladimír Marko
In chapter 3 of Individuals, entitled ''Persons'', Strawson argues against dualism and the no-ownership theory, and proposes instead that our concept of a person is a primitive concept. In this paper, it is argued that the basic questions that frame Strawson’s discussion, and some of his main arguments and claims, are dubious. A general diagnosis of the source of these problems is proposed. It is argued that despite these problems Strawson gives an accurate and very insightful description of the way we think about ourselves, which should form the starting point for more speculative accounts of ourselves., V kapitole 3 Jednotlivci, nazvané ,,Osoby'', Strawson argumentuje proti dualismu a teorii ne-vlastnictví a místo toho navrhuje, aby naše pojetí člověka bylo primitivním pojmem. V tomto příspěvku se argumentuje tím, že základní otázky, které tvoří rámec Strawsonovy diskuse, a některé z jeho hlavních argumentů a tvrzení, jsou pochybné. Navrhuje se obecná diagnostika zdroje těchto problémů. Tvrdí se, že navzdory těmto problémům poskytuje Strawson přesný a velmi bystrý popis způsobu, jakým přemýšlíme o sobě, který by měl být výchozím bodem pro spekulativnější účty o sobě., and Paul Snowdon
As has often been observed in the literature, an utterance of a generic such as ‘Boys don’t cry’ can convey a normative behavioral rule that applies to boys, roughly: that boys shouldn’t cry. This observation has led many authors to the claim that generics are ambiguous: they allow both for a descriptive as well as a normative reading. The present paper argues against this common assumption: it argues that the observation in question should be addressed at the level of pragmatics, rather than at the level of semantics. In particular, the paper argues that the normative force of utterances of generics results from the presence of a conversational implicature. This result should somewhat alleviate the task of finding a proper semantic analysis of generics since it shows that at least one of their intriguing features need not be reflected in their truth-conditions.
Wittgenstein’s approach to philosophy is closely related not only to the content but also to the form of his investigations. The following paper presents the uniqueness of Wittgenstein’s writing style, namely his use of questions, by comparing part of his work with Austin’s essay. For this purpose a typology of questions with regard to their function in the text is established and applied. The difference between Wittgenstein’s and Austin’s writing style is then documented by the frequency of certain types of questions, and omission of others, and related to some of Wittgenstein’s remarks about his approach to philosophical inquiry. The difference is then summarized tentatively as one between ''pedagogical'' and ''academic'' writing style, which poses questions concerning the translation of Wittgenstein’s investigations into academic prose., Wittgensteinův přístup k filozofii úzce souvisí nejen s obsahem, ale také s formou jeho vyšetřování. Následující článek prezentuje jedinečnost Wittgensteinova stylu psaní, konkrétně jeho použití otázek, porovnáním části jeho práce s Austinovým esejem. Pro tento účel je zavedena a aplikována typologie otázek s ohledem na jejich funkci v textu. Rozdíl mezi Wittgensteinovým a Austinovým stylem psaní je pak dokumentován četností určitých typů otázek a opomenutím druhých a je spojen s některými Wittgensteinovými poznámkami o jeho přístupu k filosofickému zkoumání. Rozdíl je pak předběžně shrnut jako ,,pedagogický'' a ,,akademický'' styl psaní, který představuje otázky týkající se překladu Wittgensteinových výzkumů do akademické prózy., and Blahoslav Fajmon
In this paper, I want to address once more the venerable problem of intentional identity, the problem of how different thoughts can be about the same thing even if this thing does not exist. First, I will try to show that antirealist approaches to this problem are doomed to fail. For they ultimately share a problematic assumption, namely that thinking about something involves identifying it. Second, I will claim that once one rejects this assumption and holds instead that thoughts are constituted either by what they are about, their intentional objects, or by what determines their proposition-like intentional contents, one can address the problem of intentional identity in a different way. One can indeed provide a new solution to it that basically relies on two factors: a) what sort of metaphysical nature intentional objects effectively possess, once they are conceived as schematic objects à la Crane (2001, 2013); b) whether such objects really belong to the overall ontological inventory of what there is., According to this solution, two thoughts are about the same nonexistent intentional object iff i) that object satisfies the identity criterion for objects of that metaphysical kind and ii) objects of that kind belong to the overall ontological inventory of what there is, independently of whether they exist (in a suitable first-order sense of existence). As such, this solution is neither realist nor antirealist: only if condition ii) is satisfied, different thoughts can be about the same nonexistent intentionale; otherwise, they are simply constituted by the same intentional content (provided that this content is not equated with that intentionale). Third, armed with this solution, I will hold that one can find a suitable treatment of the specific and related problem of whether different people may mock-think about the same thing, even if there really is no such thing. Finally, I will try to show that this treatment can be also applied to the case in which different thoughts are, according to phenomenology, about the same intentionale and yet this intentionale is of a kind such that there really are no things of that kind. For in this case, such thoughts are about the same intentionale only fictionally., V tomto příspěvku se chci znovu zabývat úctyhodným problémem úmyslné identity , problémem toho, jak mohou být různé myšlenky ohledně stejné věci, i když tato věc neexistuje. Za prvé se pokouším ukázat, že protirealistické přístupy k tomuto problému jsou odsouzeny k selhání. Jelikož nakonec sdílejí problematický předpoklad, totiž že myšlení na něco zahrnuje identifikaci . Za druhé, budem tvrdit, že jakmile jeden odmítne tento předpoklad a místo toho tvrdí, že myšlenky jsou tvořeny buď tím, o čem jsou, jejich záměrnými objekty , nebo tím, co určuje jejich úmyslný obsah, lze řešit problém úmyslné identity jiným způsobem. Jeden může opravdu nabídnout nové řešení, které se v podstatě opírá o dva faktory: a) jaký druh metafyzické přírody úmyslné objekty účinně mají, jakmile jsou koncipovány jako schematické objekty à laJeřáb (2001, 2013); b) zda takové předměty skutečně patří do celkového ontologického inventáře toho, co existuje., Podle tohoto řešení jsou dvě myšlenky o stejném neexistujícím úmyslném předmětu, pokud i) tento objekt splňuje kritérium totožnosti pro objekty tohoto metafyzického druhu a ii) předměty tohoto druhu patří k celkové ontologické inventáři toho, co existuje, nezávisle na tom, zda existují (ve vhodném prvotřídním smyslu existence). Jako takové není toto řešení realistické ani nerealistické: pouze pokud je podmínka ii) uspokojena, různé myšlenky mohou být o stejném neexistujícím úmyslu ; jinak jsou prostě tvořeny stejným záměrným obsahem (za předpokladu, že tento obsah není v souladu s touto záměrností). Zatřetí, vyzbrojené tímto řešením, domnívám se, že lze nalézt vhodnou léčbu konkrétního a souvisejícího problému, zda se mohou lidé rozmýšlet o tom samém, i když v takovém případě skutečně neexistuje. A konečně se pokouším ukázat, že toto zacházení lze aplikovat také na případ, kdy jsou různé myšlenky podle fenomenologie stejné záměrné a přesto je tento záměr takový, že takové věci skutečně neexistují. V takovém případě jsou takové myšlenky o stejné úmyslnosti jen smyšlené., and Alberto Voltolini
Management of reservoirs for drinking water supply should be based on a thorough knowledge of water quality changes within variable conditions of hydrology, climate, nutrient loading and water storage. The two-dimensional longitudinal water quality model CE-QUAL-W2 was tested for its ability to predict concentrations of organic matter and trophic conditions in Rimov Reservoir, a small dimictic reservoir (volume 33,000,000 m3, maximum depth 43 m, hydraulic retention time 40 to 160 d) suffering from seasonally increased concentrations of humic substances and symptoms of eutrophication. The model was calibrated on two seasonal courses differing in hydrology and validated on a 1074 day period. The averages of absolute mean errors between simulated and measured vertical profiles of temperature, and concentrations of dissolved organic matter, dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll a in the validation run were 0.9 °C, 0.8 mg l-1, 1.2 mg l-1 and 0.008 mg l-1, respectively. Analysis of results and sensitivity analysis of modelling phytoplankton and phosphorus showed suitability of the mathematical description of their dynamics in the photic zone but not in the deeper layers. In spite of this partial problem, the model was found appropriate for the reliable predictions of water quality dynamics in Rimov Reservoir. and Hospodaření s vodou ve vodárenských nádržích by mělo být založeno na podrobné znalosti vlivu hydrologických, klimatických a limnologických veličin na kvalitu vody. Možnosti matematického modelování změn kvality vody byly testovány pro nádrž Římov na Malši za pomoci dvourozměrného modelu kvality vody CE-QUAL-W2. Model byl zkalibrován na dvou sezónních řadách dat pro hydrologicky různá období a poté byl uplatněn na 1074-denní řadě dat. Byly vyhodnoceny rozdíly mezi měřenými a simulovanými vertikálními profily teploty, koncentrací rozpuštěných organických látek, rozpuštěného kyslíku a chlorofylu. Tyto rozdíly vyjádřené jako velikost absolutní střední chyby byly 0,9 °C, 0,8 mg l-1 , 1,2 mg l-1 a 0.008 mg l-1 . Analýza získaných výsledků a citlivostní analýza modelu ukazují dobrou shodu mezi naměřenou a simulovanou dynamikou zmíněných veličin v eufotické zóně, v nižších a tmavších vrstvách nádrže dochází k nárůstu odchylek modelu od reality. Přes tyto dílčí problémy byl model shledán jako užitečný a nenahraditelný pomocník při úlohách řešících dopad vnějších vlivů na kvalitu vody v nádrži.
This paper reports the processes by which a single-phase 3-D CFD model of hydrodynamics in a 17-km-long dam reservoir was developed, verified and tested. A simplified VOF model of flow was elaborated to determine the effect of wind on hydrodynamics in the lake. A hexahedral mesh with over 17 million elements and a k-ω SST turbulence model were defined for single-phase simulations in steady-state conditions. The model was verified on the basis of the extensive flow measurements (StreamPro ADCP, USA). Excellent agreement (average error of less than 10%) between computed and measured velocity profiles was found. The simulation results proved a strong effect of wind on hydrodynamics in the lake, especially on the development of the water circulation pattern in the lacustrine zone.
The paper describes a 3D numerical model of the spherical particle saltation. Two stages of particle saltation were distinguished - the particle free motion in water and the particle-bed collision. The particle motion consists of the translational and rotational particle motion. A stochastic method of calculation of the particle-bed collision was developed. The collision height and the contact point were defined as random variables. Impulse equations were used and the translational and angular velocity components of the moving particle immediately after the collision were expressed as functions of the velocity components just before the collision. The dimensionless coefficients of the drag force and drag torque were determined as functions of both translational and rotational Reynolds numbers. The model is in good agreement with known experimental data. Examples of calculation of the particles’ lateral dispersion and the mean absolute values of the deviation angle of the particle trajectory are presented. and Studie popisuje 3D numerický model saltačního pohybu kulovité částice, v němž jsou uvažována dvě fáze saltačního pohybu - volný pohyb částice v proudící vodě a kolise částice se dnem. Model počítá s translačním i rotačním pohybem částice. Byla vyvinuta stochastická metoda výpočtu kolise částice se dnem. Kolizní výška a kontaktní bod byly definovány jako náhodné proměnné. Byla použita soustava momentových rovnic a složky translační a rotační rychlosti pohybující se částice po kolizi byly vyjádřeny jako funkce složek rychlosti těsně před kolizí. Bezrozměrné koeficienty odporu částice a odporu rotující částice byly určeny jako funkce translačního i rotačního Reynoldsova čísla částice. Výsledky modelu jsou v dobré shodě se známými experimentálními daty. Studie presentuje příklady výpočtu příčné disperze částice a střední absolutní hodnoty deviačního úhlu trajektorie částice.
In the marine ecological system, the prime role of water management and durability of an ecosystem is being played by the vegetation patches. The vegetation patches in open channels can significantly affect the flow velocity, discharge capacity and hinder energy fluxes, which ultimately helps in controlling catastrophic floods. In this study, the numerical simulation for turbulent flow properties, i.e. velocity distribution, Reynolds stresses and Turbulent Intensities (TI) near the circular vegetation patches with progressively increasing density, were performed using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code ANSYS FLUENT. For examination of the turbulent flow features in the presence of circular patches with variable densities, Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations, and Reynolds stress model (RSM) were employed. The numerical investigation was performed in the presence of in-line emergent and submerged patches having variable vegetation density in the downstream direction. Two of the cases were investigated with three circular patches having a clear gap to patch diameter ratio of La/D = 1 (where La is the clear spacing between the vegetation patches and D is the diameter of the circular patch), and the other two cases were analyzed with two patches having a clear gap ratio of La/D = 3. The case with a clear gap ratio (La/D = 3) showed 10.6% and 153% inflation in the magnitude of longitudinal velocity at the downstream of the sparse patch (aD = 0.8) and upstream of the dense patch (aD = 3.54), respectively (where aD is the flow blockage, in which “a” represents the patch frontal area and “D” represents the patch diameter). The velocity was reduced to 94% for emergent and 99% for submerged vegetation due to successive increase in vegetation density made by introducing a middle patch which reduced the clear gap ratio (La/D = 1). For La/D = 1, the longitudinal velocities at depth z = 15cm were increased by 319% than at depth z = 6cm at the downstream of the dense patch (aD = 3.54). Whereas it was observed to 365% higher in the case of La/D = 3. The magnitude of turbulent characteristics was observed 36% higher for submerged vegetation cases having a clear gap ratio of La/D = 1. The successive increase in the patch density reduced the Reynolds stresses, turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent intensities significantly within the gap region. The major reduction in the flow velocities and turbulent properties in the gaps provides a stable environment for aquatic ecosystems nourishment and fosters sediment deposition, and supports further vegetation growth.
Monthly evapotranspiration (ET) rates over Hungary for 2000-2008 are mapped at a spatial scale of about 1 km with the help of MODIS daytime land surface temperature as well as sunshine duration, air temperature and humidity data. Mapping is achieved by a linear transformation of MODIS daytime land surface temperature values employing the complementary relationship of evaporation. Validation of the ET rates has been performed at spatial scales spanning almost three magnitudes from a few hundred meters to about a hundred kilometers employing eddy-covariance (EC) measurements and catchment water balance closures. Typically the unbiased ET estimates are within 15 % of EC values at a monthly basis, within 7 % at an annual, and within only a few percent at a multi-year basis. The ET estimates yield an especially remarkable match (relative error of 0.2 %, R2 = 0.95) with high-tower EC measurements at a monthly basis. The spatial distribution of the ET estimates confirm earlier, complex regional hydrologic model results and observations as well as yields a perfect estimate of the country’s precipitation recycling index (the ratio of the multi-year mean ET and precipitation rates spatially aggregated for the whole country) of 89.2 % vs an observed value of 89.6 %. The CREMAP method is very simple, easy to implement, requires minimal data, calibration-free, and works accurately when conditions for the complementary relationship are met. and Pomocou údajov ročlenených podľa MODIS (moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer), s využitím dennej povrchovej teploty, trvania slnečného svitu, teploty vzduchu a jeho vlhkosti boli zostrojené mapy mesačnej evapotranspirácie (ET) Maďarska pre roky 2000-2008 s priestorovým rozlíšením približne 1 km. Mapovanie bolo zrealizované lineárnou transformáciou MODIS dennej teploty povrchu s uvážením doplňujúceho vzťahu pre evapotranspiráciu CR, navrhnutou Bouchetom (1963). Výsledky dosiahnuté touto metódou boli verifikované v priestorovej mierke pokrývajúcej tri rády od niekoľkých stoviek metrov po stovky kilometrov, použijúc merania metódou pulzácií (eddy covariance, EC), a bilanciou vody v koncovom profile povodí. Typicky, hodnoty ET sú v medziach 15 % mesačných hodnôt EC a 7 % ročných hodnôt a len v medziach niekoľkých percent viacročných hodnôt evapotranspirácie, ktoré boli určené inými metódami. Hodnoty ET sú v dobrej zhode s výsledkami meraní ET na vysokej veži metódou EC (relatívna chyba 0.2 %, R2 = 0,95). Priestorové rozdelenia vypočítaných hodnôt ET potvrdzujú predchádzajúce výsledky modelovania regionálnymi modelmi, ako aj hodnoty indexu recyklácie zrážok krajiny (precipitation recycling index), čo je pomer mnohoročnej priemernej ET a zrážok agregovaných v krajine, s hodnotou 89,2 % vs pozorovaná hodnota 89,6 %. Metóda CREMAP je jednoduchá, ľahko implementovateľná, vyžaduje minimum vstupných hodnôt, nie je ju potrebné kalibrovať a keď sú splnené podmienky jej použiteľnosti, je aj dostatočne presná.
In order to fulfil their essential roles as the bearers of truth and the relata of logical relations, propositions must be public and shareable. That requirement has favoured Platonist and other non-mental views of them, despite the well-known problems of Platonism in general. Views that propositions are mental entities have correspondingly fallen out of favour, as they have difficulty in explaining how propositions could have shareable, objective properties. We revive a mentalist view of propositions, inspired by Artificial Intelligence work on perceptual algorithms, which shows how perception causes persistent mental entities with shareable properties that allow them to fulfil the traditional roles of (one core kind of) propositions. The clustering algorithms implemented in perception produce outputs which are (implicit) atomic propositions in different minds. Coordination of them across minds proceeds by game-theoretic processes of communication. The account does not rely on any unexplained notions such as mental content, representation, or correspondence (although those notions are applicable in philosophical analysis of the result).
Serious damage may occur to concrete hydraulic structures, such as water galleries, spillways, and stilling basins, due to the abrasive erosion caused by the presence of solid particles in the flow. This underlines the importance of being capable in providing characterization of the concrete from the point of view of its vulnerability to abrasive erosion, in order to improve the design of the structure and the material selection. Nevertheless, the existing apparatus for concrete abrasive erosion testing are either far from allowing realistic simulation of the actual environment in which this phenomenon occurs, or show a large degree of complexity and cost. An alternative method has been developed with the aid of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). CFD was first employed to verify the effectiveness of a new laboratory equipment. Afterwards, a parameter has been introduced which, by successful comparison against preliminary experiments, proved suitable to quantify the effect of the fluid dynamic conditions on the concrete abrasive erosion, thereby opening the way to CFD-based customization of the apparatus. In the future, the synergy of numerical and physical modelling will allow developing predictive models for concrete erosion, making it possible to reliably simulate real structures.
A number of correlations for friction factor determinations in smooth pipes have been proposed in the past decades. The accuracy and applicability of these friction factor formulas should be examined. Based on this notion the paper is designed to provide a comparative study of friction factor correlations in smooth pipes for all flow regimes of Bingham fluids. Nine models were chosen. The comparisons of the selected equations with the existing experimental results, which are available in the literature, were expressed through MARE, MRE+ , MRE- , RMSE, Ѳ, and S. The statistical comparisons were also carried out using MSC and AIC. The analyses show that the Wilson-Thomas (1985) and Morrison (2013) models are best fit models to the experimental data for the Reynolds number up to 40000. Within this range, both models can be used alternately. But beyond this Re value the discrepancy of the Wilson-Thomas model is higher than the Morrison model. In view of the fact that the Morrison model requires fewer calculations and parameters as well as a single equation is used to compute the friction factor for all flow regimes, it is the authors’ advice to use this model for friction factor estimation for the flow of Bingham fluids in smooth pipes as an alternative to the Moody chart and other implicit formulae.
Variable rate technology (VRT) in nutrient management has been developed in order to apply crop inputs according to the required amount of fertilizers. Meteorological conditions rarely differ within one field; however, differences in soil conditions responding to precipitation or evaporation results within field variations. These variations in soil properties such as moisture content, evapotranspiration ability, etc. requires site-specific treatments for the produced crops. There is an ongoing debate among experts on how to define management zones as well as how to define the required amount of fertilizers for phosphorus and nitrogen replenishment for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. For management zone delineation, vegetation based or soil based data collection is applied, where various sensor technology or remote sensing is in help for the farmers. and The objective of the study reported in this paper was to investigate the effect of soil moisture data derived from Sentinel-2 satellite images moisture index and variable rate phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizer by means of variable rate application (VRA) in winter wheat in Mezőföld, Hungary. Satellite based moisture index variance at the time of sowing has been derived, calculated and later used for data comparison. Data for selected points showed strong correlation (R2 = 0.8056; n = 6) between moisture index and yield, however generally for the whole field correlation does not appear. Vegetation monitoring has been carried out by means of NDVI data calculation. On the field level, as indicated earlier neither moisture index values at sowing nor vegetation index data was sufficient to determine yield. Winter wheat production based on VRA treatment resulted significant increase in harvested crop: 5.07 t/h in 2013 compared to 8.9 t/ha in 2018. Uniformly managed (control) areas provided similar yield as VRA treated areas (8.82 and 8.9 t/ha, respectively); however, the input fertilizer was reduced by 108 kg/ha N and increased by 37 kg/ha P.
Physicalism demands an explication of what it means for something to be physical. But the most popular way of providing one—viz., characterizing the physical in terms of the postulates of a scientifically derived physical theory—is met with serious trouble. Proponents of physicalism can either appeal to current physical theory or to some future physical theory (preferably an ideal and complete one). Neither option is promising: currentism almost assuredly renders physicalism false and futurism appears to render it indeterminate or trivial. The purpose of this essay is to argue that attempts to characterize the mental encounter a similar dilemma: currentism with respect to the mental is likely to be inadequate or contain falsehoods and futurism leaves too many significant questions about the nature of mentality unanswered. This new dilemma, we show, threatens both sides of the current debate surrounding the metaphysical status of the mind.
Stacie Friend’s theory of fiction departs from those approaches that seek to identify the necessary and sufficient conditions for a work to count as fiction. She argues that this goal cannot really be achieved; instead, she appeals to the notion of genre to distinguish between fiction and nonfiction. This notion is significantly more flexible, since it invites us to identify standard—but not necessary—and counter-standard features of works of fiction in light of our classificatory practices. More specifically, Friend argues that the genre of fiction has the genre of nonfiction—and only that genre—as its contrast class. I will refer to the particular way in which Friend elaborates this claim as the contrast view. I have, nevertheless, the impression that this view unnecessarily narrows down the array of perspectives and attitudes from which we can approach works of fiction. I will thus develop a line of reasoning to the effect that the contrast view should rather be construed as picking out a particular way of relating to works of fiction that lies at the end of a continuum defined by different degrees of reflectivity and estrangement. This implies that the contrast view is false as a general claim about how we experience works of fiction, even though this view may appropriately depict a specific way of approaching such works.
This paper discusses an experiment in cognitive psychology called the Linda problem. Firstly, some natural conditions for the correctness of the interpretation of psychological experiments (such as the Linda problem) are formulated. The article is essentially a critique of the interpretation of the results of the Linda problem experiment provided by Kahneman and Tversky as well as – indirectly – their concept of heuristics. It is shown that the interpretation provided by Kahneman and Tversky does not meet the aforementioned conditions for correctness. The main argument is justified utilizing such rules of rationality as conditional probability and Grice’s conversational maxims. It is also pointed out that this argument can be reformulated in terms of the intuitive system of reasoning., Tento příspěvek pojednává o experimentu v kognitivní psychologii nazývaném problém Lindy. Za prvé jsou formulovány některé přírodní podmínky pro správnost interpretace psychologických experimentů (jako je problém Lindy). Článek je v podstatě kritikou interpretace výsledků problému Linda, který poskytli Kahneman a Tversky, stejně jako - nepřímo - jejich pojetí heuristiky. Ukazuje se, že výklad poskytnutý Kahnemanem a Tversky nesplňuje výše uvedené podmínky správnosti. Hlavní argument je odůvodněn použitím takových pravidel racionality jako podmíněné pravděpodobnosti a Griceho konverzačních maxim. Rovněž je zdůrazněno, že tento argument lze přeformulovat z hlediska intuitivního systému uvažování., and Adam Olszewski
This paper deals with the application of a fluidized layer of granular material (FLGM) for the direct separation of destabilized impurities during drinking water treatment. Further, it investigates the effect of operation parameters (fluidized layer grain size, technological arrangement, velocity gradient, retention time, dosage of destabilisation reagent and temperature) on the aggregation and separation efficiency of the layer. The tests were carried out in a pilot plant scale. Aluminium sulphate was used as the destabilisation reagent. The highest separation efficiencies were achieved, when the particles entered the fluidized layer immediately after the dosing of the destabilisation reagent, when they had the lowest degree of aggregation. The separation efficiency (ϕ) also increased with increasing velocity gradient and the maximal value was reached at the velocity gradient of about 250 s-1. The most efficient separation of aluminium was achieved at 5 °C, but the effect of temperature on the efficiency of organic matter separation (ϕTOC) was not very significant. The maximal efficiency of separation on the layer grains reached the values ϕAl = 0.81 at the optimal dosage DAl = 1.55 mg L-1 and ϕTOC = 0.31 at the optimal dosage DAl = 2.36 mg L-1. The indisputable advantage of using FLGM for the separation of impurities is that they are intercepted on the layer grains in a form of solid, water-free shell (or coat) with the density of 2450 kg m-3, and there is no need to deal with the sludge dewatering. and Příspěvek se zabývá využitím fluidní vrstvy zrnitého materiálu (FLGM) pro přímou separaci destabilizovaných nečistot při úpravě vody a vlivem provozních parametrů (velikost zrn náplně, technologické uspořádání, gradient rychlosti, doba zdržení, dávka destabilizačního činidla, teplota) na agregační a separační účinnost vrstvy. Testy byly prováděny na poloprovozním modelu fluidní vrstvy. Jako destabilizační činidlo byl použit síran hlinitý. Nejvyšší separační účinnosti byly dosahovány, pokud částice nečistot vstupovaly do fluidní vrstvy bezprostředně po nadávkování destabilizačního činidla, kdy byl jejich stupeň agregace nejnižší. Separační účinnost (ϕ) se také zvyšovala s narůstající hodnotou gradientu rychlosti ve fluidní vrstvě a maximální hodnoty dosáhla při gradientu kolem 250 s-1. Hliník byl nejúčinněji separován při nízké teplotě (5 °C), nicméně na účinnost separace organických látek (ϕTOC) teplota příliš velký vliv neměla. Maximální účinnost separace na zrnech fluidní vrstvy dosáhla hodnot ϕAl = 0,81 při optimální dávce DAl = 1,55 mg L-1 a ϕTOC = 0,31 při optimální dávce DAl = 2,36 mg L-1. Nespornou výhodou využití fluidní vrstvy jako separačního prvku je skutečnost, že nečistoty jsou na zrnech FLGM zachycovány ve formě pevné skořápky (hustota 2450 kg m-3), která neobsahuje kapalnou vodu, a kal tudíž nemusí být odvodňován.
Slurry transport in horizontal and vertical pipelines is one of the major means of transport of sands and gravels in the dredging industry. There exist 4 main flow regimes, the fixed or stationary bed regime, the sliding bed regime, the heterogeneous flow regime and the homogeneous flow regime. Of course the transitions between the regimes are not very sharp, depending on parameters like the particle size distribution. The focus in this paper is on the homogeneous regime. Often the so called equivalent liquid model (ELM) is applied, however many researchers found hydraulic gradients smaller than predicted with the ELM, but larger that the hydraulic gradient of liquid. Talmon (2011, 2013) derived a fundamental equation (method) proving that the hydraulic gradient can be smaller than predicted by the ELM, based on the assumption of a particle free viscous sub-layer. He used a 2D velocity distribution without a concentration distribution. In this paper 5 methods are described (and derived) to determine the hydraulic gradient in homogeneous flow, of which the last method is based on pipe flow with a concentration distribution. It appears that the use of von Driest (Schlichting, 1968) damping, if present, dominates the results, however applying a concentration distribution may neutralise this. The final equation contains both the damping and a concentration distribution giving the possibility to calibrate the constant in the equation with experimental data. The final equation is flexible and gives a good match with experimental results in vertical and horizontal pipelines for a value of ACv = 1.3. Data of horizontal experiments Dp = 0.05-0.30 m, d = 0.04 mm, vertical experiments Dp = 0.026 m, d = 0.125, 0.345, 0.560, and 0.750 mm.
The paper approaches problem of the flow forecasting for the Liptovska Mara reservoir with a hybrid modelling approach. The nonlinear hybrid modelling framework was investigated under the specific physiographic conditions of the High Core Mountains of Slovakia. The mean monthly flows of rivers used in this study are predominantly fed by snowmelt in the spring and convective precipitation in the summer. Therefore, their hydrological regime exhibits at least two clear seasonal patterns, which provide an intuitive justification for the application of nonlinear regime-switching time series models. Differences in the prevailing geology, orientation of slopes and their exposure to atmospheric circulation for the right and left-sided tributaries of the Vah River indicate that the hydrological regime of mean monthly discharge time series in this area with respect to seasonality and cyclicity may differ, too. Therefore, a simple deterministic water balance scheme was set up for estimating the reservoir inflow from the left and right-sided tributary flows separately. It consists of the linear combination of the measured tributary flows and estimated ungauged tributary flows. The contributions of the ungauged catchments were estimated from flows from gauged tributaries with similar physiographic conditions by weighting these by the ratio of the catchment areas. Separate nonlinear regime-switching time series models were identified for each gauged tributary. The forecasts of the tributaries were combined into a hybrid forecasting model by the water balance model. The performance of the combined forecast, which could better include the specific regime of the time series of tributaries, was compared with the single forecast of the overall reservoir inflow in several combinations. and V štúdii sme porovnávali kvalitu predpovede viacerých lineárnych a nelineárnych modelov časových radov pri predpovedaní prítokov do nádrže Liptovská Mara. Testovali sme výkonnosť modelov ARMA, SETAR na samotnej rieke Váh a v kombinácii jej prítokov do nádrže Liptovská Mara. Ďalej bol uplatnený jednoduchý deterministický model vodnej bilancie pre prítok do nádrže, ktorý pozostáva z lineárnej kombinácie meraných prietokov prítokov Váhu vážených plochou subpovodia. Výber analogónov sa vykonal vzhľadom na podobnosť fyzicko-geografických podmienok v meraných a nemeraných subpovodiach. Modely typu ARMA a SETAR boli zostavené pre každý prítok osobitne a predpovede prietokov na prítokoch boli skombinované modelom vodnej bilancie a do predpovede celkového prítoku do nádrže. Kombinovanú hybridnú predpoveď (stochasticko-deterministická), zachovávajúcu špecifický režim prítokov a vodnej bilancie v povodiach, sme porovnali s predpoveďou celkového prítoku do nádrže získanou pomocou modelov identifikovaných na hlavnom toku.
The paper introduces the test of aggregation as a simple, inexpensive method of evaluating suspension quality during drinking water treatment, suitable for use in both laboratory and operation conditions. The procedure and derivation of the aggregation test is described. The method is used for a demonstration of the influence of mean velocity gradient and mixing time on floc properties formed during the aggregation in a Couette reactor. It was proved that with increasing velocity gradient, the size of the aggregates present in the suspension decreases, and the suspension is substantially more homogeneous than with use of lower gradients. Further, it was confirmed that the size of aggregates reaches the steady state after a specific mixing time, which becomes shorter with increasing value of velocity gradient. and Příspěvek představuje test agregace jako jednoduchou a levnou metodu stanovení kvality suspenze při úpravě vody vhodnou pro použití v laboratorních i provozních podmínkách. Je popsán metodický postup i odvození testu agregace. Metoda je použita pro hodnocení vlivu středního gradientu rychlosti a doby míchání na vlastnosti vytvářených agregátů (vloček) při agregaci v Couettově reaktoru. Bylo prokázáno, že se vzrůstajícím gradientem se snižuje velikost agregátů přítomných v suspenzi a suspenze je značně více homogenní než při použití nízkých gradientů rychlosti. Dále bylo potvrzeno, že velikost agregátů dosahuje po určité době míchání stabilní hodnoty. Čas pro dosažení tohoto ustáleného stavu se zkracuje s rostoucí hodnotou použitého gradientu.
Thought experiments are frequently vague and obscure hypothetical scenarios that are difficult to assess. The paper proposes a simple model of thought experiments. In the first part, I introduce two contemporary frameworks for thought experiment analysis: an experimentalist approach that relies on similarities between real and thought experiment, and a reasonist approach focusing on the answers provided by thought experimenting. Further, I articulate a minimalist approach in which thought experiment is considered strictly as doxastic mechanism based on imagination. I introduce the basic analytical tool that allows us to differentiate an experimental core from an attached argumentation. The last section is reserved for discussion. I address several possible questions concerning adequacy of minimalistic definition and analysis., Myšlenkové experimenty jsou často vágní a temné hypotetické scénáře, které je těžké posoudit. Příspěvek navrhuje jednoduchý model myšlenkových experimentů. V první části představuji dva současné rámce pro analýzu myšlenkového experimentu: experimentistický přístup, který se opírá o podobnosti mezi skutečným a myšlenkovým experimentem a přístupem k rozumu, který se zaměřuje na odpovědi poskytované experimentováním s myšlenkami. Dále artikuluje minimalistický přístup, ve kterém je experiment experimentu považován za přísně doxastický mechanismus založený na představivosti. Představuji základní analytický nástroj, který nám umožňuje odlišit experimentální jádro od připojené argumentace. Poslední sekce je vyhrazena k diskusi. Zabývám se několika možnými otázkami týkajícími se přiměřenosti minimalistické definice a analýzy., and Marek Picha
The paper describes a mathematical and physical modelling of flow of complex slurries in pipelines, i.e. a flow of slurries composed of solids covering a very broad range of particle sizes that overlaps more than one flow patterns – non-Newtonian, pseudohomogeneous, heterogeneous and fully-stratified. A typical examples are residual products (“tailings”) from mining industry with normal average particle sizes of 20 to 100 μm or more. Experimental results of flows of complex slurries composing of non-Newtonian carrier fluid and three fractions of glass particles in 50 mm pipe are presented. Depending on the particle size, particles show different flow patterns and therefore considerable differences in pressure drops. Fine particles tend behave as a homogeneous matter, while coarser particles exhibit heterogeneous behaviour and even coarser particles form a sliding bed. A mathematical 3-component predictive model for turbulent flow of complex slurries is presented based on well-established semi-empirical formulae developed originally for flows with Newtonian carrier. The predicted values of pressure drops show very reasonable agreement with experimental results and indicate suitability of the model for engineering practice.
Existence of piedmont zone in a river bed is a critical parameter from among numerous variations of topographical, geological and geographical conditions that can significantly influence the river flow scenario. Downstream flow situation assessed by routing of upstream hydrograph may yield higher flow depth if existence of such high infiltration zone is ignored and therefore it is a matter of concern for water resources planning and flood management. This work proposes a novel modified hydrodynamic model that has the potential to accurately determine the flow scenario in presence of piedmont zone. The model has been developed using unsteady free surface flow equations, coupled with Green-Ampt infiltration equation as governing equation. For solution of the governing equations Beam and Warming implicit finite difference scheme has been used. The proposed model was first validated from the field data of Trout Creek River showing excellent agreement. The validated model was then applied to a hypothetical river reach commensurate with the size of major tributaries of Brahmaputra Basin of India. Results indicated a 10% and 14% difference in the maximum value of discharge and depth hydrograph in presence and absence of piedmont zone respectively. Overall this model was successfully used to accurately predict the effect of piedmont zone on the unsteady flow in a river.
In present paper we assess the climate change impact on mean runoff between the periods 1961-1990 (control period) and 2070-2099 (scenario period) in the Czech Republic. Hydrological balance is modelled with a conceptual hydrological model BILAN at 250 catchments of different sizes and climatic conditions. Climate change scenarios are derived using simple delta approach, i.e. observed series of precipitation, temperature and relative air humidity are perturbed in order to give the same changes between the control and scenario period as in the ensemble of 15 transient regional climate model (RCM) simulations. The parameters of the hydrological model are for each catchment estimated using observed data. These parameters are subsequently used to derive discharge series under climate change conditions for each RCM simulation. Although the differences in the absolute values of the changes in runoff are considerable, robust patterns of changes can be identified. The majority of the scenarios project an increase in winter runoff in the northern part of the Czech Republic, especially at catchments with high elevation. The scenarios also agree on a decrease in spring and summer runoff in most of the catchments. and V článku předkládáme výsledky modelování změn hydrologického režimu v důsledku změn klimatu mezi časovými obdobími 1961-1990 a 2070-2099 podle souboru patnácti regionálních klimatických modelů pro 250 povodí v České republice. Hydrologická bilance byla modelována pomocí konceptuálního hydrologického modelu BILAN. Časové řady ovlivněné změnou klimatu byly získány jednoduchou přírůstkovou metodou, tj. pozorované časové řady srážek, teplot a vlhkostí vzduchu (vstupy do modelu BILAN) byly opraveny pro každou simulaci pomocí přírůstkových faktorů tak, aby měsíční změny těchto veličin byly stejné jako podle uvažované simulace klimatického modelu. Hydrologický model je nakalibrován s využitím pozorovaných dat, identifikované parametry jsou následně využity pro simulaci hydrologické bilance pro řady ovlivněné klimatickou změnou. Základní podstata možných změn hydrologické bilance na území České republiky vyplývá z projekcí srážek a teplot pro Evropu, tj. postupné zvyšování teplot během celého roku a pokles letních, růst zimních a stagnace ročních srážek. V období od začátku podzimu do začátku léta dochází k růstu srážek, jenž je doprovázen řádově stejným růstem územního výparu způsobeným růstem teplot. V letním období dochází k poklesu srážek a v důsledku úbytku zásob vody v povodí nemůže docházet k výraznému zvyšování územního výparu. Důležitým faktorem ovlivňující změny odtoku je posun doby tání v důsledku vyšší teploty přibližně z dubna na leden-únor. Změny odtoku v období leden-květen jsou tedy dominantně určeny právě odlišnou dynamikou sněhové zásoby, změny v letním období zejména úbytkem srážek. Výsledné odhady změn odtoku jsou zatíženy značnou nejistotou, nicméně lze identifikovat robustní jevy společné pro řadu simulací. Jak ukazují výsledky, na většině modelovaných povodí je pokles odtoků v období od dubna do října společný valné většině modelů. Na druhé straně, růst odtoku v zimních měsících je značně nejistý. S tím souvisí i nejistota spojená se změnami roční bilance odtoků.
Calibration of parameters of mathematical models is still a tough task in several engineering problems. Many of the models adopted for the numerical simulations of real phenomena, in fact, are of empirical derivation. Therefore, they include parameters which have to be calibrated in order to correctly reproduce the physical evidence. Thus, the success of a numerical model application depends on the quality of the performed calibration, which can be of great complexity, especially if the number of parameters is higher than one. Calibration is traditionally performed by engineers and researchers through manual trial-and-error procedures. However, since models themselves are increasingly sophisticated, it seems more proper to look at more advanced calibration procedures. In this work, in particular, an optimization technique for a multi-parameter calibration is applied to a two-phase depth-averaged model, already adopted in previous works to simulate morphodynamic processes, such as, for example, the dike erosion by overtopping.
The two-dimensional particle image velocimetry (PIV) data are inevitably contaminated by noise due to various imperfections in instrumentation or algorithm, based on which the well-established vortex identification methods often yield noise or incomplete vortex structure with a jagged boundary. To make up this deficiency, a novel method was proposed in this paper and the efficiency of the new method was demonstrated by its applications in extracting the twodimensional spanwise vortex structures from 2D PIV data in open-channel flows. The new method takes up a single vortex structure by combining model matching and vorticity filtering, and successfully locates the vortex core and draws a streamlined vortex boundary. The new method shows promise as being more effective than commonly used schemes in open-channel flow applications.
Backward erosion piping is driven by seepage forces acting on the soil grains at the downstream end of the seepage path. A new device for the laboratory testing of backward erosion progression was developed and tested. The device consists of a plexiglass prism at which the seepage path has been predefined. The prism was equipped with an inflow consisting of gravel separated from tested sand by a strainer. The hydraulic gradient along the seepage pipe was observed by a set of piezometers and pressure cells, and the seepage discharge was measured volumetrically. The transported sediment was trapped in a vertical cone located downstream from the device. The progression of the seepage path, the piezometric heads and the trapped material was observed by two synchronous cameras. 15 trial tests have been carried out to date, and from these, the interim results are presented.
The objective of this paper is to simulate flow frequency distribution curves for Amazon catchments with the aim of scaling power generation from small hydroelectric power plants. Thus, a simple nonlinear rainfall-runoff model was developed with sigmoid-variable gain factor due to the moisture status of the catchment, which depends on infiltration, and is considered a factor responsible for the nonlinearity of the rainfall-runoff process. Data for a catchment in the Amazon was used to calibrate and validate the model. The performance criteria adopted were the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (R²), the RMS, the Q95% frequency flow percentage error, and the mean percentage errors ranging from Q5% to Q95%.. Calibration and validation showed that the model satisfactorily simulates the flow frequency distribution curves. In order to find the shortest period of rainfall-runoff data, which is required for applying the model, a sensitivity analysis was performed whereby rainfall and runoff data was successively reduced by 1 year until a 1.5-year model application minimum period was found. This corresponds to one hydrological year plus the 6-month long ''memory''. This analysis evaluates field work in the ungauged sites of the region. and Cieľom tohto príspevku je simulácia čiar rozdelenia prietokov pre povodia rieky Amazonka pre potreby hodnotenia premeny energie v malých hydroelektrárňach. Preto bol vyvinutý jednoduchý nelineárny zrážko-odtokový model so sigmoidálne sa meniacim zdrojovým faktorom v závislosti od obsahu vody v povodí, ktorý závisí od infiltrácie a je považovaný za faktor, spôsobujúci nelinearitu zrážkoodtokových procesov. Pre kalibráciu a validizáciu modelu boli použité údaje z povodí rieky Amazonka. Použili sme tieto hodnotiace kritériá: Nashov-Sutcliffov koeficient (R²), RMS, Q95%, chyba určenia odtoku v percentách, a priemerná percentuálna chyba v rozsahu od Q5% do Q95%. Kalibrácia a validizácia ukázala, že model simuluje čiary rozdelenia prietokov uspokojivo. Aby bolo možné nájsť najkratšie obdobie pre nájdenia závislosti zrážky - odtok, ktorá je potrebná pre aplikáciu v modeli, použili sme citlivostnú analýzu tak, že údaje zrážky - odtok boli postupne redukované o jeden rok, až kým nebolo nájdené minimálne obdobie pre aplikáciu vzťahu zrážky - odtok 1,5 roka. Toto obdobie zodpovedá jednému hydrologickému roku, plus 6 mesiacov dlhá ''pamäť''. Touto analýzou boli vyhodnotené výsledky terénnych meraní v oblastiach, kde neboli k dispozícii merania odtoku.
Controversial aspects of the conventional and widely used concept of the integral vortex strength are briefly discussed. The strength of a vortex is usually calculated as the circulation along the vortex boundary, or equivalently due to Green’s theorem, as the surface integral of vorticity over the planar vortex cross section. However, the local effect of an arbitrary ''superimposed shear'' is fully absorbed by vorticity what makes the circulation a shear-biased vortex characteristic. The present paper shows that different vortexstrength models can be derived on the basis of different local vortex intensities proposed in the literature. The outcome of these models naturally differs, even for an ideally axisymmetric vortex. Three different vortex-strength models are compared and discussed by examining the unsteady Taylor vortex. and V práci jsou stručně diskutovány sporné stránky konvenčního a široce užívaného pojetí integrální síly víru. Síla víru je obvykle počítána jako cirkulace podél hranice víru nebo ekvivalentně podle Greenovy věty jako plošný integrál vířivosti přes příčný rovinný řez vírem. Lokální efekt libovolného ''superponovaného smyku'' je však plně absorbován vířivostí, což činí z cirkulace smykově zkreslenou vírovou charakteristiku. Tento článek ukazuje, že lze odvodit různé modely síly víru na základě různých lokálních intenzit víru navržených v odborné literatuře. Výsledky těchto modelů se přirozeně liší, dokonce i pro ideálně osově symetrický vír. Na podkladě zkoumání nestacionárního Taylorova víru jsou porovnány a diskutovány tři různé modely síly víru.
A distinction is introduced between itemized and non-itemized plural predication. It is argued that a full-fledged system of plural logic is not necessary in order to account for the validity of inferences concerning itemized collective predication. Instead, it is shown how this type of inferences can be adequately dealt with in a first-order logic system, after small modifications on the standard treatment. The proposed system, unlike plural logic, has the advantage of preserving completeness. And as a result, inferences such as ''Dick and Tony emptied the bottle, hence Tony and Dick emptied the bottle'' are shown to be first-order., Rozlišování se zavádí mezi rozčleněným množstvím a nerozdělením množných predikcí. Tvrdí se, že plnohodnotný systém pluralitní logiky není nutný pro to, aby bylo možné zohlednit platnost závěrů týkajících se skupinového predikce. Místo toho je ukázáno, jak lze tento typ závěrů adekvátně řešit v logickém systému prvního řádu, po malých úpravách standardního zpracování. Navrhovaný systém, na rozdíl od množné logiky, má výhodu zachování úplnosti. Výsledkem je, že závěry jako ,,Dick a Tony vyprázdnili láhev, proto Tony a Dick vyprázdnili láhev''., and Gustavo Fernandéz Díez
One of the most important problems faced in hydrology is the estimation of flood magnitudes and frequencies in ungauged basins. Hydrological regionalisation is used to transfer information from gauged watersheds to ungauged watersheds. However, to obtain reliable results, the watersheds involved must have a similar hydrological behaviour. In this study, two different clustering approaches are used and compared to identify the hydrologically homogeneous regions. Fuzzy C-Means algorithm (FCM), which is widely used for regionalisation studies, needs the calculation of cluster validity indices in order to determine the optimal number of clusters. Fuzzy Minimals algorithm (FM), which presents an advantage compared with others fuzzy clustering algorithms, does not need to know a priori the number of clusters, so cluster validity indices are not used. Regional homogeneity test based on L-moments approach is used to check homogeneity of regions identified by both cluster analysis approaches. The validation of the FM algorithm in deriving homogeneous regions for flood frequency analysis is illustrated through its application to data from the watersheds in Alto Genil (South Spain). According to the results, FM algorithm is recommended for identifying the hydrologically homogeneous regions for regional frequency analysis.
Fishway design not only takes into account the swimming abilities of target fishes, but also considers the hydrodynamic characteristics within the fishway. In this study, the flow fields of one vertical-slot fishway (i.e. VSF), five T-shape fishways (i.e. TSF-1~TSF-5) and two H-shape fishways (i.e. HSF-1 and HSF-2) are numerically simulated by solving the three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and the K-Omega-SST turbulence model. The numerical results clearly indicate that the hydrodynamic properties of HSF-2 are overall superior to the remaining seven cases, in terms of the time-averaged flow pattern, the time-averaged velocity magnitude, the depth-mean timeaveraged velocity magnitude along the vertical-slot section, the volume percentages of the time-averaged velocity magnitude less than some critical values, and the distribution of the time-averaged turbulent kinetic energy. Therefore, HSF-2 is more friendly for fishes with relatively smaller sizes and weaker swimming capacities to transfer upstream. The novel HSF-2 is firstly proposed in this paper, and it is naturally designed during the process of improving the flow regime. Furthermore, the generalizability of the superiority of HSF-2 over VSF and the original T-shape fishway (i.e. TSF-1) has been exhibited with the aid of the numerical results of four operating conditions (i.e. Q = 400 L/s, 600 L/s, 800 L/s and 1000 L/s).
In passing remarks, some commentators have noted that for Nagel, physicalism is true. It has even been argued that Nagel seeks to find the best path to follow to achieve future physicalism. I advance these observations by adding that for Nagel, we should discuss the consciousness problem not in terms of physical and mental issues but in terms of our desire to include consciousness in an objective/scientific account, and we can achieve this only by revising our self-conception, i.e., folk psychology, to develop a more detached view of experience. Through the project of objective phenomenology, Nagel aims to achieve some sort of objective, detached, and scientific explanation of the subjective nature of experience. This project seeks to make the truth of physicalism intelligible and consciousness more amenable to scientific study, potentially raising an even broader concept than the one physicalism originally proposes.
Steady two-dimensional natural convection taking place in a rectangular cavity, partially filled with an isotropic porous material, has been investigated numerically using an ADI method. It is assumed that one of the vertical walls of the cavity has a ramped temperature distribution. The vorticity-stream function formulation has been used to solve the set of nonlinear partial differential equations governing the flows in the clear region and the adjoining porous region. The effects of Darcy number and Rayleigh number have been discussed in detail.
Dead-end pores are usually present in natural porous media especially in consolidated sandstone and limestone rocks. However, the presence of the dead-end pores is usually ignored. Then, the influences of the dead end pores to the flow system are also neglected. In this paper, pressure changes for the periods of transient and steady state of the dead-end pores are studied using lattice gas automata model. A simulation result is compared with the past works. They show that the model is viable to perform simulation of deadend pore pressure. Some parameters such as pressure distribution and size of neck and body of the dead-end pores are varied to examine their effects. We found that the parameters affect the rate of pressure change during transient period. In addition, the parameters also affect the pressure fluctuation during steady state period. The dead-end pores have function either as source or sink in the transient period depend on initial and injection pressures. During steady state period, the dead-end pores behave both as source and sink since the pressure in the pores fluctuates around an equilibrium pressure between the pressure of dead-end pore and that of main channel at the neck position of dead-end pore. and Takzvané mŕtve póry (neprietočné póry) sa často nachádzajú v prírodných pórovitých prostrediach, predovšetkým v skonsolidovaných pieskovcoch a vo vápencoch. Obvykle sa ich existencii nevenuje pozornosť. Pozornosť sa nevenuje ani ich vplyvu na prúdenie v tomto systéme. V tomto príspevku sú študované zmeny tlaku v mŕtvych póroch počas neustáleného a ustáleného prúdenia s použitím ''lattice gas automata'' modelu. Výsledky simulácie sme porovnali s predchádzajúcimi prácami. Výsledky naznačujú, že tento model je vhodný na simuláciu zmien tlakov v mŕtvych póroch. Vplyv niektorých parametrov, ako je rozdelenie tlakov a tvary ''krčkov'' (spojovacích pórov) ako aj mŕtvych pórov boli menené tak, aby sme mohli pozorovať ich vplyv na prúdenie. Zistili sme, že tieto parametre ovplyvňujú rýchlosť zmien tlakov počas neustáleného prúdenia. Navyše sme zistili, že tieto parametre ovplyvňujú fluktuáciu tlakov počas ustáleného prúdenia. Mŕtve póry môžu počas neustáleného prúdenia fungovať ako zdroje alebo odbery, v závislosti od počiatočného, alebo ''plniaceho'' tlaku. Počas ústáleného prúdenia sa mŕtve póry správajú ako zdroje alebo aj odbery, pretože tlak v póroch fluktuuje okolo rovnovážneho tlaku medzi tlakom v mŕtvych póroch a hlavným kanálom v závislosti od vlastností ''krčku'' mŕtveho póru.
There are nine antirealist explanations of the success of science in the literature. I raise difficulties against all of them except the latest one, and then construct a pessimistic induction that the latest one will turn out to be problematic because its eight forerunners turned out to be problematic. This pessimistic induction is on a par with the traditional pessimistic induction that successful present scientific theories will be revealed to be false because successful past scientific theories were revealed to be false., V literatuře existuje devět antirealistických vysvětlení úspěchu vědy. Vyvolávám obtíže proti všem, s výjimkou posledního, a pak buduji pesimistickou indukci, že poslední z nich bude problematická, protože osm předchůdců se ukázalo jako problematické. Tato pesimistická indukce je na stejné úrovni s tradiční pesimistickou indukcí, že úspěšné současné vědecké teorie budou odhaleny jako nepravdivé, protože úspěšné minulé vědecké teorie byly odhaleny jako nepravdivé., and Seungbae Park
Those who argue that dispositional explanations are genuine explanations usually construe them as causal explanations. There are several well-known arguments against the causal efficacy of dispositions, but there are as well demonstrations that on some minimal conditions, dispositions could be viewed as causally relevant to the effects which they are taken to explain. Although the latter position is generally tenable, it may be shown that in some important cases it is not a good idea to commit to a causal construal of dispositional explanations. The argument goes as follows: (1) Dispositional explanations are valued for certain specific extra-inferences which they allow us to draw; (2) The causal construal of dispositional explanations can account for some of these extra-inferences only on the assumption that the disposition is a common cause of its manifestations; (3) However, under certain circumstances, the common cause assumption is refuted on theoretical or empirical grounds; Therefore, (4) under certain circumstances, the causal construal of dispositional explanations cannot account for what these explanations are valued for. The latter conclusion is a reason to argue that in some cases at least, the causal construal of dispositional explanations should be avoided., Ti, kteří tvrdí, že dispoziční vysvětlení jsou skutečná vysvětlení, je obvykle považují za kauzální vysvětlení. Existuje několik dobře známých argumentů proti kauzální účinnosti dispozic, ale jsou zde také demonstrace, že za určitých minimálních podmínek lze dispozice považovat za kauzálně relevantní vzhledem k účinkům, které mají být vysvětleny. I když je tato pozice obecně udržitelná, může být prokázáno, že v některých důležitých případech není dobré zavázat se k příčinnému konstruktivnímu vysvětlení. Argument jde následovně: (1) Dispoziční vysvětlení jsou oceňována pro určité specifické extra-závěry, které nám umožňují kreslit; (2) Kauzální konstrukční dispoziční vysvětlení může vysvětlit některé z těchto extra-dedukcí pouze za předpokladu, že dispozice je společnou příčinou jejích projevů; (3) Za určitých okolností je však předpoklad společné příčiny vyvrácen z teoretických nebo empirických důvodů; Proto (4) za určitých okolností nemůže kauzální konstrukční vysvětlení vysvětlení vysvětlit, za co jsou tato vysvětlení oceňována. Tento závěr je důvodem pro tvrzení, že v některých případech je třeba se vyhnout kauzálnímu konstrukčnímu vykládání vysvětlení. kauzální konstruktivní vysvětlení nemůže vysvětlit, za co jsou tato vysvětlení oceňována. Tento závěr je důvodem pro tvrzení, že v některých případech je třeba se vyhnout kauzálnímu konstrukčnímu vykládání vysvětlení. kauzální konstruktivní vysvětlení nemůže vysvětlit, za co jsou tato vysvětlení oceňována. Tento závěr je důvodem pro tvrzení, že v některých případech je třeba se vyhnout kauzálnímu konstrukčnímu vykládání vysvětlení., and Lilia Gurova
This paper analyses the bivariate relationship between flood peaks and corresponding flood event volumes modelled by empirical and theoretical copulas in a regional context, with a focus on flood generation processes in general, the regional differentiation of these and the effect of the sample size on reliable discrimination among models. A total of 72 catchments in North-West of Austria are analysed for the period 1976-2007. From the hourly runoff data set, 25 697 flood events were isolated and assigned to one of three flood process types: synoptic floods (including long- and short-rain floods), flash floods or snowmelt floods (both rain-on-snow and snowmelt floods). The first step of the analysis examines whether the empirical peak-volume copulas of different flood process types are regionally statistically distinguishable, separately for each catchment and the role of the sample size on the strength of the statements. The results indicate that the empirical copulas of flash floods tend to be different from those of the synoptic and snowmelt floods. The second step examines how similar are the empirical flood peak-volume copulas between catchments for a given flood type across the region. Empirical copulas of synoptic floods are the least similar between the catchments, however with the decrease of the sample size the difference between the performances of the process types becomes small. The third step examines the goodness-of-fit of different commonly used copula types to the data samples that represent the annual maxima of flood peaks and the respective volumes both regardless of flood generating processes (the traditional engineering approach) and also considering the three process-based classes. Extreme value copulas (Galambos, Gumbel and Hüsler-Reiss) show the best performance both for synoptic and flash floods, while the Frank copula shows the best performance for snowmelt floods. It is concluded that there is merit in treating flood types separately when analysing and estimating flood peak-volume dependence copulas; however, even the enlarged dataset gained by the process-based analysis in this study does not give sufficient information for a reliable model choice for multivariate statistical analysis of flood peaks and volumes.
Using ideas from John Searle, Roy Harris, Michael Reddy, and Nelson Goodman, I argue that texts, such as they are commonly conceived, lack brute existence. The common idea of texts is a conceptual construction which is useful in practical everyday contexts but not in serious theorizing, where it creates illusions and contradictions. One of these illusions is the idea of an objective textual meaning, a meaning which is ''in the text'': what we actually have in the way of textual meaning are the ideas of various persons – authors, readers, and commentators – about the meaning of the text. When applied to fictional characters, this way of viewing things explains why it makes sense to regard fictional characters as being created and as lacking brute existence., Použitím nápadů od Johna Searleho, Roy Harris, Michaela Reddyho a Nelsona Goodmana, tvrdím, že texty, tak jak jsou běžně koncipovány, postrádají hrubou existenci. Společná myšlenka textů je koncepční konstrukce, která je užitečná v praktických každodenních kontextech, ale ne ve vážném teoretizování, kde vytváří iluze a protiklady. Jednou z těchto iluzí je myšlenka objektivního textuálního významu, významu, který je "v textu": to, co vlastně máme ve způsobu textuálního významu, jsou myšlenky různých osob - autorů, čtenářů a komentátorů - o významu textu. Při použití na fiktivní postavy vysvětluje tento způsob prohlížení věci, proč má smysl považovat fiktivní postavy za vytvořené a chybějící hrubou existenci., and Anders Pettersson
The contribution focuses on the design of a control algorithm aimed at the operative control of runoff water from a reservoir during flood situations. Management is based on the stochastically specified forecast of water inflow into the reservoir. From a mathematical perspective, the solved task presents the control of a dynamic system whose predicted hydrological input (water inflow) is characterised by significant uncertainty. The algorithm uses a combination of simulation model data, in which the position of the bottom outlets is sought via nonlinear optimisation methods, and artificial intelligence methods (adaptation and fuzzy model). The task is written in the technical computing language MATLAB using the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox.
River runoff is not only a crucial part of the global water cycle, but it is also an important source for hydropower and an essential element of water balance. This study presents a system-theory-based model for river runoff forecasting taking the Hailiutu River as a case study. The forecasting model, designed for the Hailiutu watershed, was calibrated and verified by long-term precipitation observation data and groundwater exploitation data from the study area. Additionally, frequency analysis, taken as an optimization technique, was applied to improve prediction accuracy. Following model optimization, the overall relative prediction errors are below 10%. The system-theory-based prediction model is applicable to river runoff forecasting, and following optimization by frequency analysis, the prediction error is acceptable.
A one-dimensional two-zone mathematical model, comprising a pair of advection-dispersion equations coupled by a mass exchange term, is proposed to study longitudinal dispersion in channels with sequences of pools and riffles. An implicit finite-difference numerical scheme is employed, and its effectiveness is assessed with reference to known analytical solutions. Moreover, sets of longitudinal dispersion experiments were performed on various simple geometries of sequences of pools and riffles developed in a laboratory flume. The results were compared with corresponding numerical solutions to calibrate the two-zone model. and Pro studium podélné disperze v korytech s opakující se soustavou tůní a prahů byl navržen jednorozměrný dvouzónový matematický model. Model zahrnuje dvojici rovnic pro advektivní disperzi doplněných výrazem pro přenos hmoty. Byl použit implicitní model konečných diferencí a jeho vhodnost ověřena porovnáním se známým analytickým řešením. Navíc, v laboratorním žlabu byla provedena série měření podélné disperze pro různé jednoduché geometrie koryta se střídajícími se tůněmi a prahy. Pro kalibraci dvouzónového modelu byly výsledky měření porovnány s odpovídajícími matematickými řešeními.
The goal of this paper is to examine the conditions of validity for the rule of β-conversion in TIL, which is a hyperintensional, typed λ-calculus of partial functions. The rule of β-reduction is a fundamental computational rule of the λ-calculi and functional programming languages. However, it is a well-known fact that the specification of this rule is ambiguous (see, e.g., Plotkin 1975 or Chang & Felleisen 2012). There are two procedurally non-equivalent ways of executing the rule, namely β-conversion ''by name'' and β-conversion ''by value''. In the λ-calculi conversion by name is usually applied, though it is known that such a conversion is not unconditionally valid when partial functions are involved. If a procedure that is typed to produce an argument value is improper by failing to produce one, conversion by name cannot be validly applied. On the other hand, conversion by value is valid even in the case of improperness. Moreover, we show that in a typed λ-calculus the specification of λ-closure is also not unambiguous. There is an interpretation of this specification under which β-reduction by name is not valid even when the argument procedure does not fail to produce a value. As a result, we present a universally valid rule of β-reduction by value. and Cílem této práce je zkoumat podmínky platnosti pravidla β-konverze v TIL, což je hyperintenzivní, psaný λ-kalkul dílčích funkcí. Pravidlo β-redukce je základním výpočtovým pravidlem λ-kalkulů a funkčních programovacích jazyků. Je však dobře známo, že specifikace tohoto pravidla je nejednoznačná (viz např. Plotkin 1975 nebo Chang & Felleisen 2012). Existují dva procedurálně neekvivalentní způsoby provedení pravidla, a to β-konverze '' podle názvu '' a ''β-konverze'' podle hodnoty'. V kontextu λ-kalkulů se obvykle používá konverze podle názvu, ačkoli je známo, že taková konverze není bezpodmínečně platná, pokud jde o dílčí funkce. Je-li zadaný postup, který má hodnotu parametru argumentu, nesprávný tím, že jej neproběhne, nemůže být konverzace podle názvu platně použita. Na druhé straně konverze hodnotou platí i v případě nevhodnosti. Navíc ukážeme, že v zadaném λ-kalku není specifikace uzavření λ jednoznačná. Existuje interpretace této specifikace, při níž není jméno p-redukce platné, ani když proces argumentu nedokáže vytvořit hodnotu. Výsledkem je obecně platné pravidlo β-redukce hodnotou .
Two kinds of individuals are distinguished: abstract and concrete. Whereas abstract individuals belong to our conceptual sphere, concrete individuals (i.e. particulars) individuate the world of matter. A subject investigating the external world projects abstract individuals onto concrete ones. The proposal offers a solution to various metaphysical and epistemological puzzles concerning individuals, e.g., the Ship of Theseus, the Polish Logician, problems with reidentification, or proper names. and Jiří Raclavský
The methods of abstraction and idealization are commonly viewed as basic to both the natural and the social sciences. Since the 1970s, they have also been a focus of attention in the philosophy and methodology of science. However, their nature as methods, i.e., sequences of instructions, has not been adequately explicated. The paper attempts to capture the core of these methods in the sense of simplified sequences of instructions. The proposal is illustrated in a reconstruction of the application of both methods in economics as a representative of the social sciences., Metody abstrakce a idealizace jsou běžně považovány za základní pro přírodní i společenské vědy. Od sedmdesátých let se pozornost věnuje také filozofii a metodologii vědy. Jejich povaha jako metody, tj. Sekvence instrukcí, nebyla dostatečně vysvětlena. Příspěvek se pokouší zachytit jádro těchto metod ve smyslu zjednodušených sekvencí instrukcí. Návrh je ilustrován rekonstrukcí aplikace obou metod v ekonomii jako zástupce společenských věd., and Juraj Halas
Accurate estimation of precipitation in mountain catchments is challenging due to its high spatial variability and lack of measured ground data. Weather radar can help to provide precipitation estimates in such conditions. This study investigates the differences between measured and radar-estimated daily precipitation in the mountain catchment of the Jalovecký Creek (area 22 km2, 6 rain gauges at altitudes 815–1900 m a.s.l.) in years 2017–2020. Despite good correlations between measured and radar-based precipitation at individual sites (correlation coefficients 0.68–0.90), the radar-estimated precipitation was mostly substantially smaller than measured precipitation. The underestimation was smaller at lower altitude (on average by –4% to –17% at 815 m a.s.l.) than at higher altitudes (–35% to –59% at 1400–1900 m a.s.l.). Unlike measured data, the radar-estimated precipitation did not show the differences in precipitation amounts at lower and higher altitudes (altitudinal differences). The differences between the measured and radar-estimated precipitation were not related to synoptic weather situations. The obtained results can be useful in preparation of more accurate precipitation estimates for the small mountain catchments.
Abstract: By action model, we understand any logic-based representation of effects and executability preconditions of individual actions within a certain domain. In the context of artificial intelligence, such models are necessary for planning and goal-oriented automated behaviour. Currently, action models are commonly hand-written by domain experts in advance. However, since this process is often difficult, time-consuming, and error-prone, it makes sense to let agents learn the effects and conditions of actions from their own observations. Even though the research in the area of action learning, as a certain kind of inductive reasoning, is relatively young, there already exist several distinctive action learning methods. We will try to identify the collection of the most important properties of these methods, or challenges that they are trying to overcome, and briefly outline their impact on practical applications., Abstrakt: Podle akčního modelu chápeme logickou reprezentaci efektů a předpokladů vykonatelnosti jednotlivých akcí v rámci určité domény. V kontextu umělé inteligence jsou tyto modely nezbytné pro plánování a cílené automatizované chování. V současné době jsou akční modely běžně ručně psány odborníky domény předem. Vzhledem k tomu, že tento proces je často obtížný, časově náročný a náchylný k chybám, má smysl nechat agenty seznámit se s účinky a podmínkami akcí z vlastních pozorování. I když je výzkum v oblasti akčního učení, jako určitý druh indukčního uvažování, relativně mladý, existuje již několik výrazných metod učení. Pokusíme se identifikovat sbírku nejdůležitějších vlastností těchto metod., and Michal Čertický
Some philosophers hold that it would be impossible for us to do something actively if the physical world were causally closed, i.e., if in the physical world all events were caused by other physical events if they are caused at all. The reason for this view is that these philosophers adhere to what I call the traditional picture of action. Recently, Martine Nida-Rümelin tried to defend this picture by phenomenological considerations. According to the traditional picture a behavior can only count as something an agent does actively if it is ultimately caused by the agent in an agent-causal way. In this paper I adduce three arguments against agent causation: (1) We do not really understand what agent causation is. (2) If agent causation were real, we would be confronted with the strange fact that human agents can only cause certain tiny events in the brain. (3) There is no empirical evidence that agent causation is real. In the last part of my paper I present an alternative account of the difference between what agents do actively and what is done to them., Někteří filosofové se domnívají, že by bylo pro nás nemožné něco aktivně činit, kdyby byl fyzický svět kauzálně uzavřen, tj. Kdyby byly všechny události způsobeny jinými fyzickými událostmi, kdyby byly ve fyzickém světě způsobeny vůbec. Důvodem tohoto názoru je, že tito filozofové dodržují to, čemu říkám tradiční obraz jednání. Nedávno se Martine Nida-Rümelin pokusila tento obraz obhájit fenomenologickými úvahami. Podle tradičního obrazu se chování může počítat pouze jako něco, co agent dělá aktivně, pokud je nakonec způsobeno agentem v kauzálním způsobu. V tomto příspěvku uvádím tři argumenty proti příčinám agenta: (1) Opravdu nechápeme, co je to příčina agenta. (2) Pokud byla příčinná souvislost agenta skutečná, byli bychom konfrontováni s podivnou skutečností, že lidští agenti mohou v mozku způsobit jen určité drobné události. (3) Neexistují žádné empirické důkazy, že příčinná souvislost agentů je skutečná. V poslední části mé práce uvádím alternativní popis rozdílu mezi tím, co agenti aktivně dělají a co se s nimi děje., and Ansgar Beckermann
The design and evaluation of algorithms for adaptive stochastic control of the reservoir function of a water reservoir using an artificial intelligence method (learned fuzzy model) are described in this article. This procedure was tested on the Vranov reservoir (Czech Republic). Stochastic model results were compared with the results of deterministic management obtained using the method of classical optimisation (differential evolution). The models used for controlling of reservoir outflow used single quantile from flow duration curve values or combinations of quantile values from flow duration curve for determination of controlled outflow. Both methods were also tested on forecast data from real series (100% forecast). Finally, the results of the dispatcher graph, adaptive deterministic control and adaptive stochastic control were compared. Achieved results of adaptive stochastic management were better than results provided by dispatcher graph and provide inspiration for continuing research in the field.
Kinetic and equilibrium studies of adsorption of arsenates As(V) were investigated in four soils from Slovakia. Using experimentally obtained adsorption isotherms of arsenates, the effect of selected soil properties on its adsorption was studied. The rate of As(V) adsorption was evaluated by three simple kinetic models: Elovich equation, modified Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second order equation. It can be stated from experimentally obtained and calculated data that an increase in the initial As(V) concentration in solution resulted in a drop in the rate of As(V) adsorption and an increase in the time necessary for an attainment of the adsorption equilibrium. Results from equilibrium studies of As(V) adsorption fitted well to the Freundlich isotherm. The comparison of Freundlich coefficient kF with selected soil properties showed that capacity of particular soil for As(V) retention increased with increasing calcium carbonate content in given soil. The relation between CaCO3 content and kF coefficient was supported by highly positive correlation of dependence kF vs CaCO3, with R2 = 0.868. and Na štúdium rýchlosti adsorpcie arzeničnanov As(V) a ich adsorpčných izoteriem boli použité štyri vzorky pôd. Pomocou experimentálne získaných adsorpčných izoteriem As(V) bol sledovaný aj vplyv niektorých pôdnych vlastností na rozsah adsorpcie As(V). Rýchlosť adsorpcie As(V) bola zhodnotená použitím troch jednoduchých rýchlostných rovníc: Elovichovej rovnice, modifikovanej Freundlichovej izotermy a kinetickej rovnice pseudo-druhého poriadku. Namerané a vypočítané výsledky zo štúdia rýchlosti adsorpcie dokumentujú, že s rastúcou počiatočnou koncentráciou As(V) vo vodnom roztoku sa adsorpčná rýchlosť znížila a čas potrebný na dosiahnutie adsorpčnej rovnováhy sa zvýšil. Experimentálne získané adsorpčné izotermy As(V) veľmi dobre vyhovovali Freundlichovej adsorpčnej izoterme. Zo sledovaných chemických a fyzikálnych vlastností pôd mal na koeficient kF najväčší vplyv obsah uhličitanu vápenatého (CaCO3). Vzťah medzi obsahom CaCO3 a koeficientom kF sa potvrdil vysoko pozitívnou koreláciou (R2 = 0,868).
Due to renaturalization of trained watercourses, the capacity of the channel is often reduced. This paper deals with influence of non-symetrical obstacles placed into channels of small trained streams upon flow characteristics. In the framework of hydraulic research on aerodynamical model, four types of obstacles of various shape were used. An evaluation of their influence on total channel resistance in dependence on depth of flow and a spacing of the obstacles is presented. and Vlivem revitalizačních zásahů do upravených vodních toků zpravidla dochází ke zmenšení kapacity koryta. Předkládaný článek se zabývá vlivem nesymetrických revitalizačních prvků, vkládaných do upravených koryt malých vodních toků, na charakter proudění. V rámci fyzikálního výzkumu na aerodynamickém modelu byly použity 4 typy prvků, které různým způsobem zasahovali do průtočného profilu. V tomto článku je zhodnocen jejich vliv na celkové odpory koryta v závislosti na hloubce proudění a vzdálenosti prvků.
In his book Individuals P. F. Strawson writes that ‘both the Cartesian and the no-ownership theorists are profoundly wrong in holding, as each must, that there are two uses of ''I'', in one of which it denotes something which it does not denote in the other’ (p. 98). I think, by contrast, that there is a defensible ''Cartesian materialist'' sense, which Strawson need not reject, in which I (=df. the word ''I'' or the concept i) can and does denote two different things, and which is nothing like the flawed Wittgensteinian distinction between the use of I ''as object'' and the use of I ''as subject''. I don’t argue directly for the ''two uses'' view, however. Instead I do some preparatory work. First I criticize one bad (Wittgensteinian or ''Wittgensteinian'') argument for the ''only one use of I'' view. Then I offer a phenomenological description of our everyday experience of ourselves that leads to an attack on ''corporism''-the excessive focus on the body in present-day analytic philosophy of mind., Ve své knize Jednotlivci PF Strawson píše, že ,,jak karteziánští, tak teoretici bez vlastnictví jsou naprosto špatní v držení, protože každý musí, že existují dvě použití,, I '', v jednom z nich označuje něco, co neoznačuje v ostatních “(str. 98). Naproti tomu si myslím, že existuje obranný ,,karteziánský materialistický'' smysl, který Strawson nemusí odmítat, ve kterém I (= df. Slovo ,,I'' nebo pojem i) lze a označuje dvě různé věci, a které není nic takového jako chybný Wittgensteinův rozdíl mezi použitím I 'jako objektu' a použitím I 'jako předmětu'. Nehledám však přímo na pohled ,,dvou použití''. Místo toho dělám nějaké přípravné práce. Nejprve kritizuji jeden špatný (Wittgensteinův nebo ,,Wittgensteinův'') argument pro ,,jediné použití I''. Pak nabízím fenomenologický popis našich každodenních zkušeností, které vedou k útoku na ,,korporismus'' - nadměrné zaměření na tělo v současné analytické filozofii mysli., and Galen Strawson
This paper addresses the so-called ''truthmaker problem'' or ''grounding problem'' for presentism. In section 1, I set the stage by introducing presentism and the truthmaker problem. In section 2, I consider a proposed solution to it, which I call the ''laws of nature proposal'' (LNP), recently defended by Markosian (2013). I argue that LNP fails as a solution to the truthmaker problem because it does not meet a constraint that is generally taken as constitutive of it: that the entities doing truthmaker work should be categorical. Then, in section 3, I discuss the prospects of abandoning this ''categoricity constraint''. The conclusion of this discussion is that the presentist should be allowed to such a move. This, however, is not completely good news for the friends of LNP, since the abandonment of the ''categoricity constraint'' opens the door to simpler solutions, like what is often called ''Lucretianism''., Tento článek se zabývá tzv. ,,Problémem pravdy'' nebo ,,problémem uzemnění'' pro presentismus. V oddíle 1 jsem stanovil etapu zavedením presentismu a problematiky pravdy. V oddíle 2 se zabývám navrhovaným řešením, které nazývám ,,zákony o přírodním návrhu'' (LNP), které nedávno obhajoval Markosian (2013). Domnívám se, že LNP selhává jako řešení problému s pravdivostí, protože nesplňuje omezení, které je obecně považováno za jeho konstitutivní: že subjekty provádějící práci s pravdivostí by měly být kategorické. Poté v oddíle 3 diskutuji vyhlídky na opuštění této ,,kategorie omezení''. Závěrem této diskuse je, že by měl být moderátorovi umožněn takový krok. To však není pro přátele LNP úplně dobrá zpráva, protože opuštění ,,kategorického omezení'' otevírá dveře k jednodušším řešením, jako je to, co se často nazývá ''lykretianismus''., and Pablo Rychter
Normative judgement internalism claims that enkrasia is an ideal of rational agency that poses a necessary link between making a normative judgement, and forming an intention to act according to that judgement. Against this view, I argue that enkrasia does not require the formation of new intentional states; instead, it requires that the agent’s intentions do not contravene her normative judgements. The main argument for considering that an intention ought to follow from a normative judgement is the claim that the conclusion of practical reasoning is an intention. I will argue that this account is mistaken: practical reasoning aims at justifying certain actions or intentions, and thus its conclusion is a normative judgement. Defenders of NJI might argue, though, that intentions ought to follow from our normative judgements, because of certain requirements affecting not only practical reasoning, but rational agency. I argue that this conception of enkrasia is too demanding. Enkrasia, I suggest, is better understood as a restriction over our intentions: they ought not enter into conflict with our judgements., Normativní soudní internacionalismus tvrdí, že enkrasia je ideálem racionální agentury, která představuje nezbytnou vazbu mezi normativním úsudkem a záměrem jednat podle tohoto úsudku. Proti tomuto názoru tvrdím, že enkrasia nevyžaduje vytvoření nových záměrných států; místo toho vyžaduje, aby úmysly agenta neporušovaly její normativní úsudky. Hlavním argumentem pro uvážení, že záměr má vycházet z normativního rozsudku, je tvrzení, že závěr praktického uvažování je záměrem. Budu argumentovat, že tento účet je chybný: praktické úvahy směřují k ospravedlnění určitých činností nebo záměrů, a proto je jeho závěr normativním úsudkem. Obhájci NJI by však mohli argumentovat, že záměry by měly vycházet z našich normativních úsudků, vzhledem k určitým požadavkům ovlivňujícím nejen praktické úvahy, ale i racionální agenturu. Tvrdím, že tato koncepce enkrasie je příliš náročná. Enkrasia, myslím, je lépe chápána jako omezení našich záměrů: neměly by vstupovat do konfliktu s našimi rozsudky., and Miranda del Corral
This paper critical y examines two objections and raises a new objection against the besire theory of moral judgment. Firstly, Smith (1994) observes that a belief that p tends to expire whereas a desire that p tends to endure on the perception that not p. His observation does not refute the sophisticated version of the besire theory that to besire that p is to believe that p and to desire to act in accordance with the belief that p. Secondly, Zangwil (2008) claims that the strength of motivation may vary while the degree of belief remains constant. Besirists would reply that a besire admits of both degree and strength. Finally, I argue that the belief that p endures while the desire to act on the belief that p expires with the introduction of a new bodily condition, and hence that the belief and the desire are distinct mental states., Tento článek kriticky zkoumá dvě námitky a vznáší novou námitku proti teorii morálního úsudku. Za prvé, Smith (1994) poznamenává, že víra, že p má tendenci vypršet, zatímco touha, že p má tendenci vytrvat na vnímání, které není p. Jeho pozorování nevyvrací sofistikovanou verzi teorie besiru, která by měla být přesvědčena, že p má věřit, že p a touha jednat v souladu s vírou, že p. Zadruhé, Zangwil (2008) tvrdí, že síla motivace se může lišit, zatímco míra přesvědčení zůstává konstantní. Besiristé by odpověděli, že besire přiznává jak stupeň, tak sílu. Konečně, argumentuji, že víra, že p trvá, zatímco touha jednat na víře, že p vyprší se zavedením nové tělesné podmínky, a proto že víra a touha jsou odlišné duševní stavy., and Seungbae Park
The paper presents a minimal extension of classical logic. The extension covers, mainly, (i) an introduction of legal regulations conceived as specific elements of provisions in legal rules; and (ii) an introduction of the application operation on legal regulations. Such an operation transforms a legal regulation into an empirical proposition describing some desired state of affairs. Moreover, it is assumed that legal arguments may contain two kinds of premises: a) legal regulations; and b) statements of empirical fact as a legal reality. A typical case of b) includes statements expressing the application or non-application of legal regulation in certain circumstances. Due to the distinctions introduced, the extended system of classical logic makes possible to analyse the logical structure of perfect norms as pentatomic. Although such a system is far remote from sophisticated systems of deontic logics, it is almost completely sufficient for lawyers’ practice., Článek prezentuje minimální rozšíření klasické logiky. Rozšíření se týká zejména (i) zavedení právních předpisů koncipovaných jako zvláštní prvky ustanovení právních předpisů; a (ii) zavedení provozu aplikaceo právních předpisech. Taková operace proměňuje právní úpravu v empirický návrh, který popisuje určitý požadovaný stav. Dále se předpokládá, že právní argumenty mohou obsahovat dva druhy prostor: a) právní předpisy; a b) vyjádření empirické skutečnosti jako právní skutečnosti. Typickým případem b) jsou prohlášení vyjadřující aplikaci nebo neuplatnění právní úpravy za určitých okolností. Díky zavedeným rozdílům umožňuje rozšířený systém klasické logiky analyzovat logickou strukturu dokonalých norem jako pentatomickou. Ačkoli takový systém je daleko od sofistikovaných systémů deontické logiky, pro praxi právníků je téměř zcela dostačující., and František Gahér
According to John Broome, akrasia consists in a failure to intend to do something that one believes one ought to do, and such akrasia is necessarily irrational. In fact, however, failing to intend something that one believes one ought to do is only guaranteed to be irrational if one is certain of a maximally detailed proposition about what one ought to do; if one is uncertain about any part of the full story about what one ought to do, it could be perfectly rational not to intend to do something that one believes one ought to do. This paper seeks to remedy this problem, by proposing an anti-akrasia principle that covers cases of uncertainty (as well as cases of such complete certainty). It is argued that this principle is in effect the fundamental principle of practical rationality., Podle Johna Broome, akrasia spočívá v selhání v úmyslu udělat něco, co člověk věří, kdo by měl dělat, a takové akrasia nutně iracionální. Ve skutečnosti se však nedaří v úmyslu něco, co člověk věří, kdo by měl udělat, je zaručeno, že iracionální, pokud je jen jistá o maximálně podrobným tvrzením o tom, co kdo měl dělat; pokud si člověk není jistý, jakou část celého příběhu by měl udělat, mohlo by to být naprosto rozumné, kdybychom neměli v úmyslu dělat něco, co by člověk věřil. Tento dokument se snaží tento problém napravit tím, že navrhne protiarasiizásada, která se vztahuje na případy nejistoty (jakož i případy takové úplné jistoty). Tvrdí se, že tato zásada je ve skutečnosti základním principem praktické racionality., and Ralph Wedgwood
The identification of the moment when direct flow ends and baseflow begins is one of the biggest challenges of hydrological cycle modeling. The objectives of this research were: to characterize the recession curves (RC) and to separate the components of the hydrograph in a compact model. The RC were extracted from time series in three subwatersheds in Mexico. An expo-linear model was adapted and fitted to the master recession curves to find the transition point of the hydrograph and separate the baseflow. The model discriminated the RC in two decreasing ratios: one linear associated to the direct flow, and one exponential linked to the baseflow. The transition point between these two flows was obtained analytically by equaling both ratios. The derivation of a model parameter allowed to find the maximum points in the hydrometric time series, which were the criterion to separate the baseflow. The application of this model is recommended in the analysis of RC with different magnitudes from the flexibility and attachment to the fundaments of exhaustion of a reservoir.
An approach to indexical beliefs is presented and defended in the paper. The account is inspired by David Kaplan’s representationalist analysis of de re belief reports. I argue that imposing additional constraints on the Kaplanian notion of representation results in an elegant theory of indexical beliefs. The theory is committed to representations of limited accessibility but is not committed to relativized proposition, special de se contents or propositions of limited accessibility.
Analytical solutions describing the 1D substance transport in streams have many limitations and factors, which determine their accuracy. One of the very important factors is the presence of the transient storage (dead zones), that deform the concentration distribution of the transported substance. For better adaptation to such real conditions, a simple 1D approximation method is presented in this paper. The proposed approximate method is based on the asymmetric probability distribution (Gumbel’s distribution) and was verified on three streams in southern Slovakia. Tracer experiments on these streams confirmed the presence of dead zones to various extents, depending mainly on the vegetation extent in each stream. Statistical evaluation confirms that the proposed method approximates the measured concentrations significantly better than methods based upon the Gaussian distribution. The results achieved by this novel method are also comparable with the solution of the 1D advection-diffusion equation (ADE), whereas the proposed method is faster and easier to apply and thus suitable for iterative (inverse) tasks.
We developed an automated miniature constant-head tension infiltrometer that measures very small infiltration rates at millimetre resolution with minimal demands on the operator. The infiltrometer is made of 2.9 mm internal radius glass tube, with an integrated bubbling tower to maintain constant negative head and a porous mesh tip to avoid air-entry. In the bubbling tower, bubble formation and release changes the electrical resistance between two electrodes at the air-inlet. Tests were conducted on repacked sieved sands, sandy loam soil and clay loam soil, packed to a soil bulk density ρd of 1200 kg m-3 or 1400 kg m-3 and tested either air-dried or at a water potential ψ of -50 kPa. The change in water volume in the infiltrometer had a linear relationship with the number of bubbles, allowing bubble rate to be converted to infiltration rate. Sorptivity measured with the infiltrometer was similar between replicates and showed expected differences from soil texture and ρd, varying from 0.15 ± 0.01 (s.e.) mm s-1/2 for 1400 kg m-3 clay loam at ψ = -50 kPa to 0.65 ± 0.06 mm s-1/2 for 1200 kg m-3 air dry sandy loam soil. An array of infiltrometers is currently being developed so many measurements can be taken simultaneously.
The knowledge of snowpack dynamics is of critical importance to several real-time applications especially in mountain basins, such as agricultural production, water resource management, flood prevention, hydropower generation. Since simulations are affected by model biases and forcing data uncertainty, an increasing interest focuses on the assimilation of snow-related observations with the purpose of enhancing predictions on snowpack state. The study aims at investigating the effectiveness of snow multivariable data assimilation (DA) at an Alpine site. The system consists of a snow energy-balance model strengthened by a multivariable DA system. An Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) scheme allows assimilating ground-based and remotely sensed snow observations in order to improve the model simulations. This research aims to investigate and discuss: (1) the limitations and constraints in implementing a multivariate EnKF scheme in the framework of snow modelling, and (2) its performance in consistently updating the snowpack state. The performance of the multivariable DA is shown for the study case of Torgnon station (Aosta Valley, Italy) in the period June 2012 – December 2013. The results of several experiments are discussed with the aim of analyzing system sensitivity to the DA frequency, the ensemble size, and the impact of assimilating different observations.
The goal of this paper is to present and defend an inferentialist account of the meaning of fictional names on the basis of Sellars-Brandom’s inferentialist semantics and a Brandomian anaphoric theory of reference. On this inferentialist account, the meaning of a fictional name is constituted by the relevant language norms which provide the correctness conditions for its use. In addition, the Brandomian anaphoric theory of reference allows us to understand reference in terms of anaphoric word-word relations, rather than substantial word-world relations. In this paper I argue that this inferentialist account has many important merits over its rival theories. One important merit is that it explains why we can use fictional names to make true statements, even if they lack bearers. As a consequence, this theory allows us to use fictional names without committing ourselves to an implausible ontology of fictional entities. Another important merit is that it provides a uniform semantic account of fictional names across different types of statements in which fictional names are involved.
An influence of changing the humic acids content on soil water repellency and saturated hydraulic conductivity was studied on soil samples of Mollic Gleysol from Cilizska Radvan in the Danubian Lowland. Water repellency was measured with the water drop penetration time (WDPT) test on original soil samples and on soil samples with increased humic acids content. Saturated hydraulic conductivity coefficient was measured on the above-mentioned samples with falling head permeameter. From the results of measuring it follows that an increasing of humic acids content in soil resulted in an decreasing of the coefficient of saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil under study. Original soil was non-water reppelent soil. Already a small increasing of humic acids content in soil (in 17.9 % at original amount) caused that the soil became slightly or strongly water repellent in the average of soil moisture 15-30 %. At soil moisture less than 15 % time of penetration decreased probably as a result of shrinking and cracking of the soil. Water repellency of soil samples from horizon 0 - 5 cm was usually higher than water repellency of soil samples from horizon 5 - 10 cm both in case of humic acids extracted from peat and in case of humic acids extracted from the same soil from Cilizska Radvan. and Na pôdnej vzorke čiernice glejovej (ČA G) (MKSP, 2000) z lokality Čiližská Radvaň v Podunajskej nížině bol skúmaný pomocou testu času vsaku kvapky vody (WDPT test) vplyv zmeny obsahu humínových kyselin na vodoodpudivosť a nasýtenú hydraulickú vodivosť pôdy. Vodoodpudivosť bola meraná na pôvodných pôdnych vzorkách a vzorkách zo zvýšeným obsahom humínových kyselín. Koeficient nasýtenej hydraulickej vodivosti bol meraný na týchto pôdnych vzorkách metódou premenlivého hydraulického sklonu. Z nameraných výsledkov vyplýva, že nárast obsahu humínových kyselín v pôde mal za následok pokles koeficientu nasýtenej hydraulickej vodivosti študovanej pôdy. Už malé zvýšenie obsahu humínových kyselín v pôde (o 17,9 % pôvodnej hodnoty ) spôsobilo, že pôda sa stala slabo až silne vodoodpudivou vo vlhkostnom rozsahu 15-30 %. Pri pôdnej vlhkosti nižšej ako 15 % sa čas vsakovania zmenšil pravdepodobne v dôsledku zmršťovania pôdy a vzniku puklín. Vodoodpudivosť pôdnych vzoriek z horizontu 0 - 5 cm vo väčšine prípadov bola vyššia než vodoodpudivosť pôdnych vzoriek z horizontu 5 - 10 cm aj v prípade pridania humínových kyselín, extrahovaných z rašeliny, aj v prípade pridania humínových kyselín, extrahovaných z tej istej pôdy.
This paper presents an object-oriented two-dimensional (2-D) overland flow model and its application in simulating flood flows over Ulus basin, located in the north of Turkey adjacent to the Black Sea. A new coding implementation according to the class environment created in object oriented C++ programming language is carried out in structuring and building the solver. The model is based on the Godunov type finite volume scheme on unstructured triangular meshes. A mass balance preserving wet/dry boundary solution algorithm is integrated in the numerical scheme to satisfy the positive-depth condition and minimize the numerical instability when treating the propagation of wave front in regions of dry bed. The balance between bed slope and flux terms is also preserved for still water conditions on irregular topography. The 2-D solver is verified by simulating selected dam break cases, where good agreement with measured data is achieved. For the simulation of flood flows in the Ulus basin, in general, the simulated outflow hydrograph is found to compare well with the recorded data. A selected inundation map that is extracted from the model results is also presented to show the water surface level in the Floodplain.
The contribution of snow meltwater to catchment streamflow can be quantified through hydrograph separation analyses for which stable water isotopes (18O, 2H) are used as environmental tracers. For this, the spatial and temporal variability of the isotopic composition of meltwater needs to be captured by the sampling method. This study compares an optimized snowmelt lysimeter system and an unheated precipitation collector with focus on their ability to capture snowmelt rates and the isotopic composition of snowmelt. The snowmelt lysimeter system consists of three individual unenclosed lysimeters at ground level with a surface of 0.14 m2 each. The unheated precipitation collector consists of a 30 cm-long, extended funnel with its orifice at 2.3 m above ground. Daily snowmelt samples were collected with both systems during two snowfall-snowmelt periods in 2016. The snowmelt lysimeter system provided more accurate measurements of natural melt rates and allowed for capturing the small-scale variability of snowmelt process at the plot scale, such as lateral meltwater flow from the surrounding snowpack. Because of the restricted volume of the extended funnel, daily melt rates from the unheated precipitation collector were up to 43% smaller compared to the snowmelt lysimeter system. Overall, both snowmelt collection methods captured the general temporal evolution of the isotopic signature in snowmelt.
The paper outlines an epistemic logic based on the proof theory of substructural logics. The logic is a formal model of belief that i) is based on true assumptions (BTA belief) and ii) does not suffer from the usual omniscience properties., Článek nastiňuje epistemickou logiku založenou na důkazové teorii substrukturální logiky. Logika je formálním modelem víry, že i) je založena na pravdivých předpokladech (víra BTA) a ii) netrpí obvyklými vševědoucími vlastnostmi., and Igor Sedlár
During hydrological research in a Chilean swamp forest, we noted a pattern of higher streamflows close to midday and lower ones close to midnight, the opposite of an evapotranspiration (Et)-driven cycle. We analyzed this diurnal streamflow signal (DSS), which appeared mid-spring (in the growing season). The end of this DSS coincided with a sustained rain event in autumn, which deeply affected stream and meteorological variables. A survey along the stream revealed that the DSS maximum and minimum values appeared 6 and 4 hours earlier, respectively, at headwaters located in the mountain forests/ plantations than at the control point in the swamp forest. Et in the swamp forest was higher in the morning and in the late afternoon, but this process could not influence the groundwater stage. Trees in the mountain headwaters reached their maximum Ets in the early morning and/or close to midday. Our results suggest that the DSS is a wave that moves from forests high in the mountains towards lowland areas, where Et is decoupled from the DSS. This signal delay seems to convert the link between streamflow and Et in an apparent, but spurious positive relationship. It also highlights the role of landscape heterogeneity in shaping hydrological processes.
This paper deals with the problem of semantic analysis of contexts involving so-called anaphoric chain. The notion of anaphoric chain is explained by way of an example. Afterwards, a semantic analysis of sentences containing anaphora established in Transparent Intensional Logic (TIL) is examined. It is demonstrated that it is not adequate for texts including anaphoric chains. An alternative method using TIL that is capable to deal with all kinds of anaphora is proposed. Anyway, one may raise doubts as to whether both approaches are really analyses of anaphorically used expressions., Článek se zabývá problematikou sémantické analýzy kontextů zahrnujících tzv. Anaforický řetězec . Pojem anaforický řetězec je vysvětlen na příkladu. Následně je zkoumána sémantická analýza vět obsahujících anaforu vytvořených v transparentní intenzivní logice (TIL). Je prokázáno, že není vhodný pro texty obsahující anaforické řetězce. Navrhuje se alternativní metoda používající TIL, která je schopna se vypořádat se všemi druhy anafor. V každém případě lze pochybovat, zda jsou oba přístupy skutečně analýzou anaforicky používaných výrazů., and Miloš Kosterec
Several quite severe droughts occurred in Europe in the 21st century; three of them (2003, 2012 and 2015) hit also Slovakia. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) were used for assessment of meteorological drought occurrence. The research was established on discharge time series representing twelve river basins in Slovakia within the period 1981–2015. Sequent Peak Algorithm method based on fixed threshold, three parametric Weibull and generalized extreme values distribution GEV, factor and multiple regression analyses were employed to evaluate occurrence and parameters of hydrological drought in 2003, 2011–2012 and 2015, and the relationship among the water balance components. Results showed that drought parameters in evaluated river basins of Slovakia differed in respective years, most of the basins suffered more by 2003 and 2012 drought than by the 2015 one. Water balance components analysis for the entire period 1931–2016 showed that because of contin
We analyse water balance, hydrological response, runoff and snow cover characteristics in the Jalovecký Creek catchment (area 22 km2, mean elevation 1500 m a.s.l.), Slovakia, in hydrological years 1989–2018 to search for changes in hydrological cycle of a mountain catchment representing hydrology of the highest part of the Western Carpathians. Daily air temperature data from two meteorological stations located in the studied mountain range (the Tatra Mountains) at higher elevations show that the study period is 0.1°C to 2.4°C warmer than the climatic standard period 1951–1980. Precipitation and snow depth data from the same stations do not allow to conclude if the study period is wetter/drier or has a decreasing snow cover. Clear trends or abrupt changes in the analysed multivariate hydrometric data time series are not obvious and the oscillations found in catchment runoff are not coherent to those found in catchment precipitation and air temperature. Several time series (flashiness index, number of flow reversals, annual and seasonal discharge maxima, runoff coefficients) indicate that hydrological cycle is more dynamic in the last years of the study period and more precipitation runs off since 2014. The snow cover characteristics and climatic conditions during the snow accumulation and melting period do not indicate pronounced changes (except the number of days with snowfall at the Kasprowy Wierch station since 2011). However, some data series (e.g. flow characteristics in March and June, annual versus summer runoff coefficients since 2014) suggest the changes in the cold period of the year.
δ18O in precipitation at station Liptovský Mikuláš (about 8.5 km south from the outlet of the Jalovecký Creek catchment) remains constantly higher since 2014 that might be related to greater evaporation in the region of origin of the air masses bringing precipitation to the studied part of central Europe. Increased δ18O values are reflected also in the Jalovecký Creek catchment runoff. Seasonality of δ18O in the Jalovecký Creek became less pronounced since 2014. The most significant trends found in annual hydrological data series from the catchment in the study period 1989–2018 have the correlation coefficients 0.4 to 0.7. These trends are found in the number of flow reversals (change from increasing to decreasing discharge and vice versa), June low flow, number of simple runoff events in summer months (June to September) and the flashiness index. The attribution analysis suggests that drivers responsible for the changes in these data series include the number of periods with precipitation six and more days long, total precipitation amount in February to June, number of days with precipitation in June to September and total precipitation in May on days with daily totals 10 mm and more, respectively. The coefficients of determination show that linear regressions between the drivers and supposedly changed data series explain only about 31% to 36% of the variability. Most of the change points detected in the time series by the Wild Binary Segmentation method occur in the second and third decades of the study period. Both hydrometric and isotopic data indicate that hydrological cycle in the catchment after 2014 became different than before.
This paper presents the results of testing the applicability of the MIKE Basin model for simulating the efficiency of scenarios for reducing water pollution. The model has been tested on the Olšava River Basin (520 km2 ) which is a typical rural region with a heterogeneous mix of pollution sources with variable topography and land use. The study proved that the model can be calibrated successfully using even the limited amount of data typically available in rural basins. The scenarios of pollution reduction were based on implementation and intensification of municipal wastewater treatment and conversion of arable land on fields under the risk of soil erosion to permanent grassland. The application of simulation results of these scenarios with proposed measures proved decreasing concentrations in downstream monitoring stations. Due to the practical applicability of proposed measures, these could lead to fulfilment of the water pollution limits required by the Czech and EU legislation. However, there are factors of uncertainty that are discussed that may delay or limit the effect of adopted measures in small rural basins.
The Peak Over Threshold Method (POT) was used as an alternative technique to the traditional analysis of annual discharge maxima of the Danube River. The POT method was applied to a time-series of daily discharge values covering a period of 60 years (1931-1990) at the following gauge stations: Achleiten, Kienstock, Wien, Bratislava and Nagymaros. The first part of the paper presents the use of the POT method and how it was applied to daily discharges. All mean daily discharges exceeding a defined threshold were considered in the POT analysis. Based on the POT waves independence criteria the maximum daily discharge data were selected. Two theoretical log-normal (LN) and Log-Pearson III (LP3) distributions were used to calculate the probability of exceeding annual maximum discharges. Performance of the POT method was compared to the theoretical distributions (LN, LP3). The influence of the data series length on the estimation of the N-year discharges by POT method was carried out too. Therefore, with regard to later regulations along the Danube channel bank the 40, 20 and 10-year time data series were chosen in early of the 60-year period and second analysed time data series were selected from the end of the 60-year period. Our results suggest that the POT method can provide adequate and comparable estimates of N-year discharges for more stations with short temporal coverage. and Príspevok sa zaoberá analýzou extrémnych hydrologických udalostí na Dunaji metódou Peak Over Threshold (POT). Metóda POT sa používa ako alternatíva určovania N-ročných prietokov k metóde ročných maxím pri analýzach extrémnych hydrologických udalostí. Pre výskyt vrcholových prietokov sa zvyčajne predpokladá Poissonova distribúcia. Základnými vstupnými údajmi pre štatistickú analýzu sú 60-ročné časové rady priemerných denných prietokov a 60-ročné rady maximálnych ročných prietokov v nami zvolených staniciach: Achleiten, Kienstock, Viedeň, Bratislava a Nagymaros - za obdobie 1931-1990. Extrémne hydrologické udalosti na Dunaji boli analyzované metódou POT, ktorá zahŕňa všetky maximálne denné prietoky povodní za dané obdobie, presahujúce zvolenú prahovú hodnotu. Na zostavenie teoretickej čiary prekročenia boli vybrané dve teoretické rozdelenia pravdepodobnosti: logaritmicko-normálne rozdelenie (LN) a Pearsonovo rozdelenie III. typu (LP III). Druhým cieľom príspevku bolo analyzovať vplyv zmeny dĺžky časového radu na odhad N-ročných prietokov. V práci boli 60-ročné časové rady údajov skrátené na 40, 20 a 10-ročné rady. V závere sme porovnali a zhodnotili získané výsledky štatistických odhadov N-ročných prietokov vo zvolených staniciach. Z výsledkov analýzy vyplýva, že metóda POT dáva pomerne dobré odhady N-ročných prietokov aj pre krátke časové rady údajov.
Soil and groundwater salinization are major problems for irrigated agriculture in many arid and semiarid areas of the world. Studies addressing such problems require accurate estimation of salt loadings from irrigated areas through the vadose zone to underlying groundwater. We studied Cl- transport in the vadose zone at 45 locations in a field in the San Joaquin Valley, California, through a combination of soil sampling at six depths (0-1.8 m) and numerical modeling using a coupled water flow and solute transport code (Unsatchem). Our purpose was to assess water and salt loadings from the heterogeneous field to groundwater over a two-year period, and to test applicability of the code to the data. Soil sampling in November, 1995, defined the initial water content and the Cl- concentration, and the soil hydraulic properties. Four more sampling periods, ending in November 1997, provided data for evaluating model performance. Cl- distributions in 1997 exhibited a variety of shapes including monotonically increasing or decreasing distributions versus depth, and profiles with maxima or and sigmoidal shapes. The standard modeling approach, based on the Richards equation and the convection-dispersion equation, predicted more Cl- leaching than was observed in the field. Somewhat improved predictions were obtained when the potential transpiration rate was increased by a factor of 1.5. Better leaching predictions were also obtained when the model included separate mobile and immobile water fractions, mostly by improving the profile shapes. Our study shows the importance of accurate descriptions of the lower boundary conditions, spatial variability in the water infiltration rate, and estimation of soil surface evaporation and transpiration rates. and Zasoľovanie pôdy a podzemných vôd sú hlavnými problémami pôdohospodárstva v závlahových podmienkach v mnohých arídnych a semiarídnych oblastiach sveta. Štúdie, ktoré riešia podobné problémy, vyžadujú si presné určenie zaťaženia soľami zo závlah, ktoré prechádzajú nenasýtenou oblasťou pôdy do podzemných vôd. V tejto štúdii sa zaoberáme transportom Cl- v nenasýtenej oblasti pôdy v 45 lokalitách v San Joaquin Valley, California, využívajúc kombináciu odberu vzoriek pôdy v šiestich hĺbkach (0–1.8 m) a numericakým modelovaním s využitím simulačného modelu kombinovaného transportu vody a rozpustených látok (solí) (Unsatchem). Cieľom je určenie priesaku vody a rozpustených látok z heterogénneho poľa do podzemných vôd počas dvojročného obdobia a testovanie použiteľnosti uvedeného modelu vzhľadom k vstupným hodnotám. Zo vzoriek pôdy, odobratých v novembri 1995 bolo určené počiatočné rozdelenie vlhkosti pôdy a koncentrácia Cl- , ako aj hydraulické vlastnosti pôdy. Štyri ďalšie termíny odberov, končiac v novembri 1997, poskytli údaje pre overenie modelu. Rozdelenie Cl- v roku 1997 sa vyznačovalo rozdieľnosťou tvarov, vrátane monotónne klesajúceho alebo stúpajúceho rozdelenia koncentrácií v závislosti na hĺbke, ako aj profilmi s maximom, alebo aj sigmoidálneho tvaru. Štandardný modelový prístup, založený na Richardsovej rovnici a konvektívno-disperznej rovnici, predpovedal viac vyplaveného Clako bolo pozorované v poli. O niečo lepšie výsledky boli dosiahnuté, ak sa potenciálna transpirácia zvýšila 1,5-násobne. Lepšie výsledky v prognóze vyplavovania solí boli dosiahnuté, ak model obsahoval separátne mobilnú a imobilnú vodu, predpovšetkým zlepšením tvarov vertikálnych rozdelení koncentrácií chlóru. V tejto štúdii bolo ukázané, aké je dôležité presné určenie dolných okrajových podmienok, priestorovej variability rýchlosti infiltrácie, ako aj určenie výparu z povrchu pôdy a transpirácie.
The detailed analysis of individual flood event elements, including peak discharge (Q), flood event volume (V), and flood event duration (D), is an important step for improving our understanding of complex hydrological processes. More than 2,500 flood events were defined based on the annual maximum (AM) peak discharge from 50 Slovenian gauging stations with catchment areas of between 10 and 10,000 km2 . After baseflow separation, the stations were clustered into homogeneous groups and the relationships between the flood event elements and several catchment characteristics were assessed. Different types of flood events were characteristic of different groups. The flashiness of the stream is significantly connected with mean annual precipitation and location of the station. The results indicate that some climatic factors like mean annual precipitation and catchment related attributes as for example catchment area have notable influence on the flood event elements. When assessing the dependency between the pairs of flood event elements (Q, V, D), the highest correlation coefficients were obtained for the Q-V pair. The smallest correlations or no correlations were observed between the Q and D variables.
This paper deals with some ways of carrying out an analysis of a flood event using the KINFIL hydrological model on small catchments where both land use and management play a significant role, and where these human activities can influence design discharges. The combination of GIS techniques with the KINFIL model, which is conceived on physically based infiltration approach and on a kinematic wave transformation of direct runoff, provides a tool for analysing historical rainfall-runoff events, for assessing design discharges, and for simulating some hypothetical flood scenarios. KINFIL is a complex model using the correspondence of Curve Number (CN) with soil parameters and the correspondence of kinematic wave transformation with the physiographical parameters of the Všeminka catchment in Eastern Moravia (Czech Republic), which was used in the tests. Two versions of the KINFIL model (KINFIL1, KINFIL2) were implemented. The infiltration part of the model is the same in both versions. KINFIL 1 assumes a more schematic geometrization of the catchment topography, distributing the catchment area to a V-shaped form in which a main channel collects direct runoff from both side planes or segments. This is not fully in accord with the topography of the sub-catchment. KINFIL 2 is a more sophisticated version, where the topography is GIS-organized, taking fully into account the river network and its corresponding sub-catchment division. The latter version is geographically (and also physically) better based, and the results of the simulation of the July 1997 flood waves in the Vseminka experimental catchment fit better with the observed waves. All the topographical and morphological data were analysed and prepared for the KINFIL model (particularly for the KINFIL 2 version), using GIS facilities. Thus the KINFIL 2 version can be applied in future for design discharge assessment when simulating scenarios of various land uses expressing the model parameters. and Příspěvek analyzuje povodňové případy implementace hydrologického modelu KINFIL, používaného na malých povodích, kde hospodárské využití pozemku a antropogenní vlivy hrají podstatnou roli. Záměrem příspevku je informovat o možnostech využití GIS při fragmentaci malých povodí za účelem zpřesnění vstupních dat pro hydrologický model KINFIL. Kombinace GIS a KINFIL, který je fyzikálně založen na teorii infiltrace a transformace přímého odtoku kinematickou vlnou, poskytuje nástroj pro analýzu jak historických srážko-odtokových případů, tak hypotetických scénářových simulací. Model KINFIL využívá dříve odvozených vztahů mezi hodnotami čísel odtokových křivek CN a „koncepčních“ půdních parametrů (nasycené hydraulické vodivosti a sorptivity) spolu s parametry transformace na testovaném povodí Všeminky na východní Morave. Byly testovány dvě modelové verze: KINFIL 1 a KINFIL 2. Infiltrační část modelu je v obou verzích stejná. Verze KINFIL 1 je založena na schematické geometrizaci, kde povodí je V-tvaru a do hlavního toku je sváděn přímý odtok zobou stran z paralelně uspořádaných desek a každá z těchto desek je sériově (kaskádově) členěna podle sklonu svahů. Takto definované desky ale nemusí plně respektovat členění na subpovodí. Naproti tomu nový přístup KINFIL 2, který za účelem fragmentace povodí využívá prostředků GIS, plně respektuje průběh říční sítě povodí a její členění na subpovodí. Základem pro získání požadovaných parametrů modelu KINFIL 2 je digitální model reliéfu terénu (DEM). Tato verze je geograficky lépe založená a výsledky simulovaných průtoků povodně z července 1997 na experimentálním povodí Všeminky se lépe shodují s průtoky měřenými.
The analysis of in situ measurements of velocity distribution in the floodplain of the lowland river has been carried out. The survey area was located on a bypass channel of the Warta River (West of Poland) which is filled with water only in case of flood waves. The floodplain is covered by grassland and reed marsh habitats. The velocity measurements were performed with an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) in a cross-section with a bed reinforced with concrete slabs. The measured velocities have reflected the differentiated impact of various vegetation types on the loss of water flow energy. The statistical analyses have proven a relationship between the local velocities and the type of plant communities.
This study examines two long-term time series of nitrate-nitrogen concentrations from the River Ouse and Stour situated in the Eastern England. The time series of monthly averages were decomposed into trend, seasonal and cyclical components and residuals to create a simple additive model. Residuals were then modelled by linear time series models represented by models of the ARMA (autoregressive moving average) class and nonlinear time series models with multiple regimes represented by SETAR (self-exciting threshold autoregressive) and MSW (Markov switching) models. The analysis showed that, based on the minimal value of residual sum of squares (RSS) of one-step ahead forecast in both datasets, SETAR and MSW models described the time series better than models ARMA. However, the relative improvement of SETAR models against ARMA models was low ranging between 1% and 4% with the exception of the three-regime model for the River Stour where the improvement was 48.9%. In comparison, the relative improvement of MSW models was between 44.6% and 52.5 for two-regime and from 60.4% to 75% for three-regime models. However, the visual assessment of models plotted against original datasets showed that despite a high value of RSS, some ARMA models could describe the analyzed time series better than AR (autoregressive), MA (moving average) and SETAR models with lower values of RSS. In both datasets MSW models provided a very good visual fit describing most of the extreme values. The results of this work could be used as a base for construction of other time series models used to describe or predict nitratenitrogen concentrations. and Štúdia sa zaoberá analýzou dlhých časových radov koncentrácií dusičnanového dusíka v rieke Ouse a Stour vo Východnom Anglicku. Časové rady priemerných mesačných koncentrácií dusičnanov boli rozložené na trendovú, sezónnu a cyklickú zložku a reziduá pripočítané k sebe a tvoriace jednoduchý aditívny model. Reziduá boli ďalej modelované zložitejšími lineárnymi modelmi reprezentovanými modelmi triedy ARMA a nelineárnymi viacrežimovými modelmi SETAR a MSW. Výsledky analýzy ukázali, že na základe minimálnej hodnoty sumy štvorcov reziduí (SSR) jednokrokovej predpovede, v oboch prípadoch SETAR aj MSW modely opísali časové rady lepšie ako modely triedy ARMA. Vo väčšine prípadov relatívne zlepšenie modelov SETAR oproti jednoduchým AR(1) modelom bolo malé v rozmedzí od 1 do 4 % s výnimkou trojrežimového modelu pre rieku Stour, kde to bolo až 48,9 %. Naopak, relatívne zlepšenie modelov MSW oproti AR(1) modelom bolo v rozmedzí 44,6 až 52,5 % pre dvojrežimové a 60,4 až 75 % pre trojrežimové modely. Vizuálne posúdenie jednotlivých modelov však ukázalo, že napriek vysokým hodnotám SSR, niektoré ARMA modely dokázali lepšie opísať dané časové rady ako modely AR, MA a SETAR s nižšími hodnotami SSR. V oboch prípadoch MSW modely dokázali dostatočne dobre opísať aj extrémne hodnoty oboch časových radov. Výsledky práce môžu byť použité pri tvorbe iných opisných alebo predpovedných modelov koncentrácie dusičnanového dusíka vo vodách.
The paper presents review of occurrence frequency of extreme hydrological events in a small agricultural basin in the flysh region over the period of 40 years (1964/65 - 2003/04). No human alterations were carried out in the basin over the period studied and hence influence of climatic changes on intensification of water cycle could be evaluated. Peaks over threshold (POT) method was applied separately to winter and summer hydrological events. In comparison with annual maximum series, all mean daily discharge values over a certain thresholds were taken into account for POT frequency analysis. The frequency of POT events has decreased in the past two decades (1984/85 - 1993/94 and 1994/95 - 2003/04). The results reveal that the most extreme values occurred in the 1964/65 - 1973/74 decade, mostly caused by summer rainfall. High event frequency also emerges in the 1974/75 - 1983/84 decade, especially in winter seasons as the consequence of snow melting. It is most likely that influence of climatic changes has not resulted yet in increase of occurrence frequency of POT events in the basin studied over the 40 years period. and Príspevok sa zaoberá frekvenciou výskytu extrémnych hydrologických udalostí na malom poľnohospodárskom povodí vo flyšovom pásme počas 40-ročnej periódy (1964/65-2003/04). Počas tohto obdobia nebolo povodie ovplyvnené významnými zmenami ľudskej činnosti a preto mohol byť zhodnotený vplyv klimatických zmien na intenzifikáciu hydrologického cyklu. POT metóda bola aplikovaná zvlášť pre zimné a letné hydrologické udalosti. V porovnaní so sériami ročných maxím, všetky priemerné denné prietoky nad určitou prahovou hodnotou boli zahrnuté do POT frekvenčných analýz. Frekvencia POT udalostí (nad zvolenou prahovou hodnotou) klesla v posledných dvoch dekádach (1984/85-1993/94 a 1994/95- 2003/04). Výsledky ukazujú, že najextrémnejšie hodnoty priemerných denných prietokov, spôsobené prevažne letnými prívalovými zrážkami sa objavili v dekáde 1964/65-1973/74. Vysoké hodnoty prietokov, spôsobené prevažne topením snehovej pokrývky sa vyskytli tiež v dekáde 1974/75-1983/84. Je nanajvýš pravdepodobné, že v študovanom povodí za obdobie 40-tich rokov klimatické zmeny nemali zatiaľ vplyv na zvyšovanie frekvencie extrémnych udalostí.
The paper contains a sensitivity analysis of the influence of uncertainties in input hydrological, morphological and operating data required for a proposal for active reservoir conservation storage capacity and its achieved values. By introducing uncertainties into the considered inputs of the water management analysis of a reservoir, the subsequent analysed reservoir storage capacity is also affected with uncertainties. The values of water outflows from the reservoir and the hydrological reliabilities are affected with uncertainties as well. A simulation model of reservoir behaviour has been compiled with this kind of calculation as stated below. The model allows evaluation of the solution results, taking uncertainties into consideration, in contributing to a reduction in the occurrence of failure or lack of water during reservoir operation in low-water and dry periods.
Time series of the daily total precipitation, daily wastewater discharges and daily concentrations and pollution loads of BOD5, COD, SS, N-NH4, Ntot and Ptot were analyzed at the inflow to the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) for a larger city in 2004-2009 (WWTP is loaded by pollution from 435,000 equivalent inhabitants). The time series of the outflow from a WWTP was also available for 2007. The time series of daily total precipitation, daily wastewater discharges, concentrations and pollution loads at the inflow and outflow from the WWTP were standardized year by year to exclude a long-term trend, and periodic components with a period of 7 days and 365 days (and potentially also 186.5 days) were excluded from the standardized series. However, these two operations eliminated only a small part of the variance; there was a substantial reduction in the variance only for ammonium nitrogen and total nitrogen at the inflow and outflow from a WWTP. The relationship between the inflow into a WWTP and the outflow from a WWTP for the concentrations and pollution loads was described by simple transfer functions (SISO models) and more complicated transfer functions (MISO models). A simple transfer function (SISO model) was employed to describe the relationship between the daily total precipitation and the wastewater discharge.
In this paper, we deal with sentences containing time references like ''five years ago'', ''three years older'', ''in five seconds''. It turns out that such sentences are pragmatically incomplete, because there is an elliptic reference to a calendar that makes it possible to determine the length of the time interval associated with a time duration like a year, month, day, or to compute the time interval denoted by terms like ''February 29, 2016''. Since Transparent Intensional Logic (TIL) takes into account two modal parameters, namely possible worlds of type ω and times of type τ, and this system is particularly apt for the analysis of natural language expressions, our background theory is TIL. Within this system, we define time intervals, calendar time durations, and last but not least a method for adding and multiplying time durations in a way that takes into account the leap days and leap seconds. As sample applications, we analyse two sentences, to wit, ''A year has 365 days'' and ''Adam is 5 years older than Bill''. and V tomto článku se zabýváme věty obsahujícími časové odkazy jako ''před pěti lety'', ''o tři roky starší'', ''za pět sekund''. Ukazuje se, že takové věty jsou pragmaticky neúplné, protože existuje eliptický odkaz na kalendář, který umožňuje určit délku časového intervalu spojeného s časovým obdobím jako rok, měsíc, den nebo vypočítat časový interval označované slovy ''29. února 2016''. Vzhledem k tomu, že Transparentní Intenzivní Logika (TIL) zohledňuje dva modální parametry, jmenovitě možné světy typu ω a časy typu τ, a tento systém je obzvláště vhodný pro analýzu přirozených jazykových výrazů, je naší teorií pozadí TIL. V rámci tohoto systému definujeme časové intervaly, trvání kalendáře, a v neposlední řadě metoda pro přidání a násobení doby trvání způsobem, který bere v úvahu skokové a skokové sekundy. Jako vzorové aplikace analyzujeme dvě věty s názvem ''rok má 365 dní'' a ''Adam je o 5 let starší než Bill''.
This paper proposes a non-trivial definition of the notion of analytic method. Working within the so-called instructional model of method, I distinguish three kinds of instructions which occur in methods: selective, executive, and declarative instructions. I discuss the relation between each of these and the analyticity of a method. Then I define the notions of an analytic use of an instruction and of an analytic instruction, which are at the basis of the proposed definition of an analytic method. Finally, I discuss the issue of circularity in the presented model which arises if we consider a finite agent testing a method for analyticity., Tato práce navrhuje netriviální definici pojmu analytická metoda. V rámci tzv. Instruktážního modelu metody rozlišuji tři druhy instrukcí, které se vyskytují v metodách: selektivní, exekutivní a deklarativní . Diskutuji o vztahu mezi každou z nich a analytičnosti metody. Dále definuji pojmy analytického použití instrukce a analytické instrukce , které jsou základem navrhované definice analytické metody. Závěrem se zabývám otázkou kruhovitosti v prezentovaném modelu, která vzniká, pokud uvažujeme konečný agent testující metodu analyticity., and Miloš Kosterec